Sources and Editions

The texts in this library are transcriptions of editions in the public domain. Each work is taken from one edition, and its books, passages and passage numbers are that edition’s; its translation is aligned to those passages.

For each work, below: the edition and the translation, where and when each transcription was taken, and the collation notes, with every place where the text given here differs from the transcription, and why. The notes Wikisource’s editors add to the Chinese texts are left out.

In the collation notes, the transcription’s reading is given in （ ） and the reading adopted here in 〔 〕: 諸侯所以（?）〔禀〕命.

四書

The Four Books

in the order Zhu Xi set for reading them

The Great Learning大學

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11 chapters

Base text底本

大學章句 Zhu Xi, 1189

Zhu Xi’s arrangement of the text, with his notes; passages are numbered by his division.

Chinese Wikisource, as of 20 October 2026: 大學章句

Public domain

Translation譯

The Great Learning, James Legge, 1893

From The Chinese Classics, vol. I. Each paragraph is aligned to its passage by the Chinese printed with it.

English Wikisource: The Great Learning

Public domain

Collation notes校記· 8

Collated with the 文淵閣四庫全書 text (Kanripo KR1h0015) and, where the two differ, with two commentaries that contain Zhu Xi’s in full: 趙順孫’s 四書纂疏 and 胡炳文’s 四書通 (Kanripo KR1h0028, KR1h0034). The transcription is corrected only where it is wrong, most often in a character altered when it was converted from simplified characters (雲 for 云, 後 for 后), and as those texts have it. Where its reading makes sense, it is kept; another reading that also makes sense is noted when the commentaries are divided or agree with the Siku, or, when it is found only in the Siku, when it differs in wording and not in a particle or the order of words. Graphic variants, taboo forms, the Siku’s confusion of 己, 已 and 巳, interchangeable forms of a word (於 and 于, 殉 and 徇) and evident slips in the Siku are not noted.

In the text
經note 欲其一於善而無自欺也 The 四庫全書本 reads 欲其必自慊而無自欺也; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
3note 磋以鑢（鍚）〔鐋〕 A slip of the transcription: 鑢鐋, file and plane; as the 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read.
3note 《詩》小雅綿蠻之篇 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 緡蠻; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
5note 言欲（至）〔致〕吾之知 A slip of the transcription in Zhu Xi’s supplement to this chapter; as in the 四庫全書本.
8note 不加審焉 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 察.
9note 曹風（鳴）〔鳲〕鳩篇 The ode is 鳲鳩; as in the 四庫全書本.
10note （闢）〔辟〕，讀為僻 辟, the character of the text being glossed: a slip of the conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通.
In the translation
5 This is called knowing the root. This is called the perfecting of knowledge. The transcription follows the old text, in which these words (此謂知本，此謂知之至也) are part of the classic chapter and have no translation of their own; Legge’s two sentences are taken from the Internet Classics Archive.

The Analects論語

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20 books · 499 passages

Base text底本

論語集注 Zhu Xi, 1177

The text with Zhu Xi’s notes; books and passages are numbered by his division.

Chinese Wikisource, as of 20 October 2026: 卷 一二三四五六七八九十

Public domain

Translation譯

Confucian Analects, James Legge, 1861

Legge follows Zhu Xi’s division, so each of his chapters is one passage here; his own numbers (X.14) are kept.

Standard Ebooks edition, as of 24 June 2026.

Public domain

Collation notes校記· 104

Collated with the 文淵閣四庫全書 text (Kanripo KR1h0015) and, where the two differ, with two commentaries that contain Zhu Xi’s in full: 趙順孫’s 四書纂疏 and 胡炳文’s 四書通 (Kanripo KR1h0028, KR1h0034). The transcription is corrected only where it is wrong, most often in a character altered when it was converted from simplified characters (雲 for 云, 後 for 后), and as those texts have it. Where its reading makes sense, it is kept; another reading that also makes sense is noted when the commentaries are divided or agree with the Siku, or, when it is found only in the Siku, when it differs in wording and not in a particle or the order of words. Graphic variants, taboo forms, the Siku’s confusion of 己, 已 and 巳, interchangeable forms of a word (於 and 于, 殉 and 徇) and evident slips in the Siku are not noted.

In the text
1.5note 馬氏云：「八百家出車一乘。」 Not in the 四庫全書本, nor in 四書纂疏 or 四書通, which contain the commentary in full; 輔廣, in 四書纂疏, cites it from the old commentary.
1.12note 雖嚴，而皆出於自然之理 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 然 for 而; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
1.12note 非復理之本然 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 禮; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
2.1note 德之為言得也，得於心而不失也 The 四庫全書本 reads 行道而有得於心也; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
2.3note 為惡之心未嘗忘也 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 亡; 四書通 reads as here.
2.4note （唸唸）〔念念〕在此 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
2.10note 能以此察人如聖人也 The 四庫全書本 reads 察人倫.
2.14note 周，普遍也 The 四庫全書本 adds the gloss 比，必二反, noted as missing here in 四書纂疏.
3.1note 僭用天子之樂 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 天子之禮樂.
3.9note 以證（君）〔吾〕言矣 A slip of the transcription: the words are Confucius’s own (吾能言之); as the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read.
3.10note 而不足（征）〔徵〕也 征 is a slip of the conversion from simplified characters for 徵, as in the 禮記 passage quoted; the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 證.
3.17note 諸侯所以（?）〔禀〕命於君親 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
3.18note 以明禮之當然也 The 四庫全書本 reads 理; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
3.21 夏（後）〔后〕氏以松 … 使民戰（慄）〔栗〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3.21note 戰（慄）〔栗〕，恐懼貌 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3.22note 三歸，（台）〔臺〕名 … 不知為之（范）〔範〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3.24note 木鐸所以（?）〔徇〕於道路 … 木鐸之（?）〔徇〕於道路 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
4.6note 反覆而歎惜之也 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 歎息; 四書通 reads as here.
4.11note 公私之間而已 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 而已矣.
4.15note （幹）〔乾〕道變化 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4.19note 即不敢更適西 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 則; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
5book note 所記（雲）〔云〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5.1note 又名（適）〔适〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5.4 焉用佞？（御）〔禦〕人以口給 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5.4note （御）〔禦〕，當也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5.18note 名（谷）〔穀〕於菟 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7.6note 德者，得也，得其道於心而不失之謂也 The 四庫全書本 reads 德則行道而有得於心者也; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
7.6note 如此，而心必之焉 … 得之於心了，而守之不失 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 知此, and have no 了.
7.9note 謂吊哭。〔一〕日之內，（余）〔餘〕哀未忘 一 is missing in the transcription (日之內), and 余 is a slip of its conversion from simplified characters; as the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read.
7.12note 國之存亡（系）〔繫〕焉 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7.16note 史記作為「假我數年 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 作, without 為.
7.26note 以生絲（系）〔繫〕矢 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7.30note 魯君，名裯 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 稠.
7.37note 善言德行者不能也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 不能記.
8.2note 葸，絲（裡）〔里〕反 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
8.8note 十年學幼儀 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 十歲.
8.12note （谷）〔穀〕，祿也 … 不至於（谷）〔穀〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
8.20note 南宮（適）〔适〕 … 上（系）〔係〕武王 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
9.8note 張子曰：「鳳至圖出 The 四庫全書本 reads 張氏; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
9.10note 使我尊所（間）〔聞〕 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
9.17note 孔子（丑）〔醜〕之 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
9.21note （谷）〔穀〕之始生 … 成（谷）〔穀〕曰實 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
9.23note 語之而未達 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 不達; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
9.29note 鮮不（僕）〔仆〕矣 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
10.1 其在宗廟朝廷，便便言…… A new passage begins here in the transcription; Zhu Xi treats it and the lines before it as one section: 此一節，記孔子在鄉黨、宗廟、朝廷言貌之不同.
10.3 賓退，必覆命 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 復命.
10.4note 人君（寧）〔宁〕立之處，所謂（寧）〔宁〕也 宁 (zhù), the place between the gate and the screen where the ruler stands, not 寧: a slip of the conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
10.4 沒階趨，翼如也 The 四庫全書本 reads 趨進, the reading Zhu Xi rejects in his note as an error of common copies (俗本有之，誤也); 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
10.5 足縮縮，如有循 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 蹜蹜; 縮 is its older form.
10.5note 縮，色六反 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 蹜.
10.8note 食以（谷）〔穀〕為主 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
10.13note 恐或餕（余）〔餘〕 … 則（余）〔餘〕當以頒賜 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
10.14 入太廟，每事問。 Kept and numbered, as Legge numbers it (X.14), though Zhu Xi counts seventeen sections in 鄉黨 (今分為十七節), leaving it out as a repeat of 3.15 (重出).
10.16note （余）〔餘〕見前篇 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
10.17 升車，必正立執綏…… In the transcription it is joined to the section before; Zhu Xi treats it as a section of its own: 此一節，記孔子升車之容.
11.1note 蓋（週）〔周〕末文勝 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
11.3note 深贊顏氏云爾 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 顏子.
11.22note 不赴（斗）〔鬥〕而必死 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
11.24note 以（御）〔禦〕人耳 … 以口給（御）〔禦〕人 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
11.25note （谷）〔穀〕不熟 … 眾（眺）〔頫〕曰同 … 地（誌）〔志〕 Slips of the transcription, two of them of its conversion from simplified characters (谷, 誌); as in the 四庫全書本.
11.25note 撰，具也。春服，單袷之衣 The 四庫全書本 adds 莫春，和煦之時; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 do not have it.
12.1note 顏淵問克己復禮之目 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 顏子; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
12.3 斯謂之仁已乎 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 矣乎.
12.4 斯謂之君子已乎 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 矣乎; 四書通 reads as here.
12.9note （谷）〔穀〕祿平 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
12.19note 偃，（僕）〔仆〕也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
12.21note 人惟有利慾之心 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 欲利之心.
12.22note 上知，去聲，下如字 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 上知字，去聲，下同.
13.1note 吳氏曰：「勇者喜於有為 The 四庫全書本 reads 胡氏; 四書通 reads as here.
13.3note 而（檷）〔禰〕其祖 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
13.4note 楊氏曰：「樊須游聖人之門 The 四庫全書本 reads 樊遲; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
13.9note 制田（裡）〔里〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
13.15note 范氏曰：「言不善而莫之違 The 四庫全書本 reads 如不善, as the text does; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
13.22note 蓋亦不（佔）〔占〕而已矣 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
13.22note 醫，所以寄死生 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 生死; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
13.29note 七年（雲）〔云〕者 … 如（雲）〔云〕期月 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
13.29note 教之孝悌忠信之行 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 教之以孝弟.
14.1note 邦無道（谷）〔穀〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
14.6note 滅夏（後）〔后〕相 … 夏（後）〔后〕少康 … （適）〔适〕之意 … 然（適）〔适〕之言 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
14.9note 謂造為草（?）〔藁〕也 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
14.12note 胡氏曰：「知之弗豫 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 楊氏.
14.14note 公孫拔也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 公孫枝.
14.43note 自天子達 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 add 於庶人; 四書通 reads as here.
14.46note 以其自幼至長 The 四庫全書本 reads 至老; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
15.10note 則（余）〔餘〕皆可考 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
15.11note 患在（幾）〔几〕席之下 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
15.12note 歎其終不得而見也 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 見之也; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
15.17note 質（干）〔幹〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
15.25 今亡矣夫 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 今亡已夫.
15.34note 不可以一日無也 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 無者也; 四書通 reads as here.
15.35note 若善名為外 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 在外.
15.39note 如善惡邪正之異 The 四庫全書本 reads 之類; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
16.12note 亦（只）〔祗〕以異 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
17.5note 與陽貨共執桓子 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 陽虎.
17.9note 其緒（余）〔餘〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
17.13note 原，與（願）〔愿〕同 … 讀作（願）〔愿〕 … 鄉人之（願）〔愿〕者 … 獨以（願）〔愿〕稱 愿, honest and careful, not 願: a slip of the conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
17.16note 故氣（?）〔稟〕之偏者 … 稜角（□）〔陗〕厲 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
17.21note 期，（週）〔周〕年也 … 天運一（週）〔周〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
18.3note 蓋不（系）〔繫〕待之輕重 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
18.8 謂：「柳下惠、少連…… A new passage begins here in the transcription; Zhu Xi counts eleven passages in 微子 (凡十一章), which makes this part of 18.8.
18.10note 陸氏本作弛，詩紙反 The 四庫全書本 has no 詩紙反; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 have it.
19.25note 而有不可知者存焉，此殆難以思勉及也 The 四庫全書本 adds 聖而進於不可知之之神矣 before 此; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 do not have it.
19.25note 故曰不可階而升 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 add 也; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
20.1note 猶歲時氣節之先後也 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 節氣; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
In the translation
None.

Mencius孟子

Read →

14 books · 260 passages

Base text底本

孟子集注 Zhu Xi, 1177

The text with Zhu Xi’s notes; books and passages are numbered by his division.

Chinese Wikisource, as of 20 October 2026: 卷 一二三四五六七八九十十一十二十三十四

Public domain

Translation譯

The Works of Mencius, James Legge, 1895

From The Chinese Classics, vol. II. Each paragraph is aligned to its passage by the Chinese printed with it.

English Wikisource: books 1A1B2A2B3A3B4A4B5A5B6A6B7A7B

Public domain

Collation notes校記· 153

Collated with the 文淵閣四庫全書 text (Kanripo KR1h0015) and, where the two differ, with two commentaries that contain Zhu Xi’s in full: 趙順孫’s 四書纂疏 and 胡炳文’s 四書通 (Kanripo KR1h0028, KR1h0034). The transcription is corrected only where it is wrong, most often in a character altered when it was converted from simplified characters (雲 for 云, 後 for 后), and as those texts have it. Where its reading makes sense, it is kept; another reading that also makes sense is noted when the commentaries are divided or agree with the Siku, or, when it is found only in the Siku, when it differs in wording and not in a particle or the order of words. Graphic variants, taboo forms, the Siku’s confusion of 己, 已 and 巳, interchangeable forms of a word (於 and 于, 殉 and 徇) and evident slips in the Siku are not noted.

In the text
1A.1note 僭稱王，（溢）〔謚〕曰惠 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
1A.3note 如孟春犧（性）〔牲〕毋用牝 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
1A.3note 盡法（製）〔制〕品節之詳 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
1A.3note 時，謂孕子之時 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 孕字.
1A.3note 然亦不至於寒也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 於饑寒.
1A.5note 孟子（以）〔之〕論在於救民 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read this.
1A.6 孰能（御）〔禦〕之 … 誰能（御）〔禦〕之 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
1A.6note （御）〔禦〕，禁止也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
1A.6note 及我太祖皇帝 The 四庫全書本 reads 我宋太祖皇帝.
1A.7 莫之能（御）〔禦〕也 … 孰能（御）〔禦〕之 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
1A.7note 齊宣王，姓田氏，名辟（強）〔疆〕 The king’s name is 田辟疆; as in the 四庫全書本.
1A.7note 以塗其釁（卻）〔郤〕也 A slip of the transcription: 釁郤, the crack; the 四庫全書本 reads 郄, the same word.
1B.1 管（鑰）〔籥〕之音 The flute, not the key; as in the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通.
1B.1note 鐘鼓管（鑰）〔籥〕，皆樂器也 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
1B.3note 徂旅，謂密人侵阮徂共之眾也 The 四庫全書本 reads 徂莒; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
1B.4note 徵，陟（裡）〔里〕反 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
1B.5note 推己之心以（憕）〔及〕民也 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
1B.5note 不能以（發）〔髮〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
1B.5 行者有裹糧也 Wikisource’s editors note that the 清仿宋大字本 reads 囊; the 四庫全書本 reads 糧.
1B.5note 哿，工可反 Wikisource’s editors read 工 for their printed text’s 二, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 工.
1B.5note 聖賢之所以盡其性也 The 四庫全書本 reads 聖人; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
1B.14note 詳見下章 The 四庫全書本 reads 下篇.
1B.16note 樂正子，孟子弟子 Wikisource’s editors correct their printed text’s 王 to 正; the 四庫全書本 reads 正.
2A.1 雖有智（能）〔慧〕 … 夏（後）〔后〕、殷、周之盛 … 莫之能（御）〔禦〕也 Slips of the transcription, the last two of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
2A.1note 子路則（范）〔範〕我馳驅 … 辟，與（辟）〔闢〕同 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
2A.1note 自武丁至紂凡九世 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 七世.
2A.2note 其體（叚）〔段〕本如是也 … 人心之裁（製）〔制〕 A slip of the transcription and one of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
2A.2note 則欿然而餒，卻甚小也 The 四庫全書本 reads 知其小也.
2A.3note 力，謂土地甲兵之力 Wikisource’s editors correct their printed text’s 券 to 力; the 四庫全書本 reads 力.
2A.4 禍（褔）〔福〕 … 自求多（褔）〔福〕 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
2A.4note 此言（褔）〔福〕之自己求者 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
2A.6note 不能充之 The 四庫全書本 reads 苟不充之; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
2A.7 莫之（御）〔禦〕而不仁 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
2A.9note 不失其止也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 正.
2B.2 明日出弔於（东）〔東〕郭氏，公（孙）〔孫〕丑曰 Typed in simplified characters in the transcription.
2B.2note 東郭氏，齊大夫也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 齊大夫家也.
2B.10 古之為市也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 者.
2B.12 孟子去齊。（君）〔尹〕士語人曰 The man is 尹士; as in the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通.
3A.2note 飦，諸延反 Wikisource’s editors read 延 for their printed text’s 筵, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 延.
3A.3note 陽虎，陽貨，魯季氏家臣也…… A note of Zhu Xi’s, printed as part of the text in the transcription; given as his note, as in the 四庫全書本.
3A.3 助者，（借）〔藉〕也 … （谷）〔穀〕祿不平 … （余）〔餘〕夫二十五畝 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3A.3note 綯，絞也。（亟，絞也。）亟，急也 … （借）〔藉〕，子夜反 … （借）〔藉〕，借也 … 狼（借）〔藉〕 … 不（釣）〔鈞〕 … 是（余）〔餘〕夫也 A repeated gloss and a slip of the transcription (釣), the rest slips of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3A.3note 糞，壅也 Wikisource’s editors read 壅 for their printed text’s 擁, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 壅.
3A.3note 夏時一夫授田五十畝 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 受田.
3A.3note 正經界 The 四庫全書本 reads 疆界; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
3A.4 （末）〔未〕聞下喬木而入於幽谷者 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
3A.4note 禹皋陶，（及）〔乃〕所謂為天下得人者 … 言暴之（干）〔乾〕也 A slip of the transcription, and one of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3A.5note 辟，音壁，又音（辟）〔闢〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3B.1 吾為之（范）〔範〕我馳驅 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3B.1note （范）〔範〕，法度也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3B.3 丈（失）〔夫〕生而願為之有室 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
3B.3note 諸侯為（借）〔藉〕百畝 … 遂（佈）〔布〕於三宮 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3B.4note 羨，延面反…… A note of Zhu Xi’s, printed as part of the text in the transcription; given as his note, as in the 四庫全書本.
3B.4note 羨，（余）〔餘〕也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
3B.5note （余）〔餘〕己見前篇 … 有所不（惟）〔為〕臣 A slip of the conversion from simplified characters (余), and of the transcription (惟, carried over from the 書 being explained); as the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read.
3B.5 有攸不惟臣 The 四庫全書本 reads 為臣.
3B.7note 脅，（?）〔虚〕業反 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
3B.9note （亳厘）〔毫釐〕 Slips of the transcription, the second of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.1note 宗廟以麫〔為〕犧牲 As the 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read.
4A.2 殷鑒不遠，在夏（後）〔后〕之世 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.7note 以（郁）〔鬱〕鬯之酒 … 言（高）〔商〕之孫子 A slip of the conversion from simplified characters, and one of the transcription (高); as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.9note （?）〔鼂〕錯所謂 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
4A.9 為淵（毆）〔敺〕魚者 … 為叢（毆）〔敺〕爵者 … 為湯武（毆）〔敺〕民者 敺, the same as 驅 (to drive), not 毆 (to beat), as Zhu Xi says in his note; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.9note （毆）〔敺〕，與驅同 … 灸者，（干）〔乾〕久益善 … 欲求（干）〔乾〕久之艾 A slip of the transcription (毆), the rest of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.9note 人情莫不欲安 Wikisource’s editors read 情 for their printed text’s 惰, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 情.
4A.10note 但（弱）〔溺〕於怠惰 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.11 事在易而求之難 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 求諸難.
4A.12note 相表（?）〔裏〕 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
4A.14note 辟與（辟）〔闢〕同 … 李悝盡地（方）〔力〕 A slip of the conversion from simplified characters, and one of the transcription (李悝’s 盡地力); as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.17note 惟道可以捄之 The 四庫全書本 reads 援之.
4A.19note 此（余）〔餘〕者與誰 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.20note 天下之治亂，（系）〔繫〕乎人君 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.23note 人資於己，以不得已而應之 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read it without 以.
4A.24 曰：「昔（昔）〔者〕。」曰：「昔（昔）〔者〕，則我出此言也 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
4A.28note 底，之爾反 Not in the 四庫全書本; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 have it.
4B.2note 辟，與（辟）〔闢〕同 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4B.10note 已，猶太也。楊氏曰…… A note of Zhu Xi’s, printed as part of the text in the transcription; given as his note, as in the 四庫全書本.
4B.18note 涸，（干）〔乾〕也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4B.19 人之所以異於禽（於）獸者幾希 A repeated character in the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通.
4B.19note 有以全其所受之理也 The 四庫全書本 reads 之正.
4B.24note 知其取友（心）〔必〕正 As the 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read.
4B.25note 惡人，（丑）〔醜〕貌者也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
4B.25 則可以祀上帝 The 四庫全書本 reads 事上帝.
4B.31 子思曰：「如（急）〔伋〕去，君誰與守 伋, 子思’s own name; as in the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通.
5A.2 （郁）〔鬱〕陶思君爾 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5A.2note （郁）〔鬱〕陶，思之甚 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5A.2note 舜既入深 The 四庫全書本 reads 入井; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
5A.2note 見舜坐在床彈琴 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 生在牀.
5A.4 周（余）〔餘〕黎民 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5A.6 夏（後）〔后〕、殷、周繼 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5A.6note 之相之相，去聲。相去之相，如字 The 四庫全書本 reads 之相之相並去聲.
5A.7 （末）〔未〕聞以割烹也 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
5A.7note 予弗克俾厥（後）〔后〕為堯舜 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5A.7note 今書牧宮作鳴條 Wikisource’s editors read 今 for their printed text’s 令, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 今.
5A.7 既而翻然改曰 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 幡然.
5A.7note 翻然，變動之貌 The 四庫全書本 reads 幡然.
5A.7note 是夏桀無道 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 是時.
5A.8 孔子〔不〕悅於魯衛 不 is missing in the transcription, and without it the sentence says the opposite; the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 have it.
5A.8note 皆時君所近狎之人（升君所近狎之人）也 … 雖當阨難，（當）〔然〕猶擇所主 A garbled repeat in the transcription, and a slip; as in the 四庫全書本.
5B.2note 公田，（借）〔藉〕農夫之力 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5B.2note 可食二千一百六十人 Wikisource’s editors read 二 for their printed text’s 三, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 二.
5B.4 斯可受（御）〔禦〕與 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5B.4note 奪禽獸（之）〔以〕祭 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read this.
5B.4note 「殷受」至「為烈」 Wikisource’s editors read 殷 for their printed text’s 商, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 殷.
5B.4 有公養之仕也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read it without 也.
5B.4note 今書閔作愍 The 四庫全書本 reads 暋, as the 書 does; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
5B.5note 故其所處但當如此 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 所居; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
5B.6note 士無爵（士）〔土〕 … 不復令（台）〔臺〕來致饋 A slip of the transcription, and one of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
5B.6note 能養者未必能用也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read it without 也.
5B.9note 貴戚，不能行之於（約）〔紂〕 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
6A.2 （袂）〔決〕諸西方則西流 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
6A.2note 但為（博）〔搏〕激所使 A slip of the transcription; as in the 四庫全書本.
6A.3note 仁義禮智之（?）〔稟〕豈 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
6A.5note 弟在（屍）〔尸〕位 尸, the one who stands for the dead at the sacrifice, not 屍: a slip of the conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
6A.7note 賴，（借）〔藉〕也 … 有所顧（借）〔藉〕 … （妏）〔姣〕，好也 … （谷）〔穀〕食曰豢 Slips of the conversion from simplified characters, and one of the transcription (妏); as in the 四庫全書本, which reads 賴藉 for 顧藉, as 四書纂疏 does.
6A.8note 於學者極有利 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 有力.
6A.9note 以繩（系）〔繫〕矢 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
6A.11note 心放而不知求 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 則.
6A.14note 不失其大體，（專）〔則〕口腹之養 As the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read.
6A.15note 但作比字 Wikisource’s editors read 字 for their printed text’s 方, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 字.
6A.17note 粱，美（谷）〔穀〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
6B.1note 金（木）〔本〕重而帶鉤小 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read this.
6B.2note 多不循理 The 四庫全書本 reads 循禮.
6B.4note 宋（鉼）〔鈃〕 The philosopher 宋鈃; as the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read.
6B.6note 亦未嘗識賢也 Wikisource’s editors read 亦 for their printed text’s 而, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 亦.
6B.6note 先、後、為，皆去聲 The 四庫全書本 reads 先、為皆去聲.
6B.6note 是有志於救民也 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 救民者也; 四書纂疏 reads as here.
6B.7note 辟，與（辟）〔闢〕同 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
6B.7note 壅泉激水 Wikisource’s editors read 泉 for their printed text’s 水, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 reads 泉.
6B.7note 其若此也與 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 其亦若此.
6B.7note 大夫，其得罪 The 四庫全書本 reads 宜得罪.
6B.9note 辟，與（辟）〔闢〕同 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
6B.15 而後作；（征）〔徵〕於色 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
6B.15note 築傅（嚴）〔巖〕 … （征）〔徵〕，驗也 … 拂（郁）〔鬱〕 A slip of the transcription (傅巖, the place), the rest of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7A.15 無不知愛其親者 The 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 親也.
7A.16 沛然莫之能（御）〔禦〕也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7A.22note （余）〔餘〕見前篇 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7A.22 八口之家足以無饑矣 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 可以.
7A.26note 鄉鄰有（斗）〔鬥〕 … 同室有（斗）〔鬥〕 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7A.31note （子）〔予〕不狎於不順 … （余）〔餘〕見前篇 A slip of the transcription (the 書 reads 予), and one of its conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7A.41 孟子曰：「大匠不為拙工改廢繩墨…… A new passage begins here in the transcription; Mencius’s reply belongs with Gongsun Chou’s question, as in the 四庫全書本, and Zhu Xi counts forty-six passages in 盡心上 (凡四十六章).
7B.6note 糗，（干）〔乾〕糒也 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7B.14 然而旱（干）〔乾〕水溢 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7B.14note 不能為民（御）〔禦〕災捍患 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7B.15note （余）〔餘〕見前篇 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7B.18note 厄，與（?）〔戹〕同 Lost in the transcription; restored from the 四庫全書本.
7B.21note 徑，小路也 The 四庫全書本 reads 山路.
7B.31 人能充無穿踰之心 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 穿窬; 四書通 reads as here.
7B.31note 穿，穿穴；踰，踰牆 The 四庫全書本 reads 窬，踰牆; 四書通 reads as here.
7B.33note 安行，性者也 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read it without 者.
7B.37note 又言（誌）〔志〕異乎三子者之撰 … 原，與（願）〔愿〕同 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
7B.37note 鄉人，非有識者 The 四庫全書本 reads 鄉原.
7B.38note 使聖人之道（渙）〔煥〕然復明於世 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read this.
In the translation
None.

The Doctrine of the Mean中庸

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33 chapters

Base text底本

中庸章句 Zhu Xi, 1189

The text with Zhu Xi’s notes, numbered by his thirty-three chapters.

Chinese Wikisource, as of 20 October 2026: 中庸章句

Public domain

Translation譯

The Doctrine of the Mean, James Legge, 1893

From The Chinese Classics, vol. I. Legge follows Zhu Xi’s thirty-three chapters.

English Wikisource: The Doctrine of the Mean

Public domain

Collation notes校記· 18

Collated with the 文淵閣四庫全書 text (Kanripo KR1h0015) and, where the two differ, with two commentaries that contain Zhu Xi’s in full: 趙順孫’s 四書纂疏 and 胡炳文’s 四書通 (Kanripo KR1h0028, KR1h0034). The transcription is corrected only where it is wrong, most often in a character altered when it was converted from simplified characters (雲 for 云, 後 for 后), and as those texts have it. Where its reading makes sense, it is kept; another reading that also makes sense is noted when the commentaries are divided or agree with the Siku, or, when it is found only in the Siku, when it differs in wording and not in a particle or the order of words. Graphic variants, taboo forms, the Siku’s confusion of 己, 已 and 巳, interchangeable forms of a word (於 and 于, 殉 and 徇) and evident slips in the Siku are not noted.

In the text
1note 蓋人之所以為人，道之所以為道，聖人之所以為教，原其所自，無一不本於天而備於我 The 四庫全書本 reads 蓋人知己之有性，而不知其出於天；知事之有道，而不知其由於性；知聖人之有教，而不知其因吾之所固有者裁之也, and goes on 而董子所謂道之大原出於天，亦此意也; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
1note 若其可離，則為外物而非道矣 The 四庫全書本 reads 豈率性之謂哉; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
1note 不使其滋長於隱微之中 The 四庫全書本 reads 潛滋暗長.
9note 然不必其合於中庸，則質之近似者皆能以力為之 The 四庫全書本 reads 然皆倚於一偏，故資之近而力能勉者，皆足以能之。至於中庸，雖若易能; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
10note 革，甲（冑）〔胄〕之屬 胄, the helmet, not 冑; as the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read.
11note （余）〔餘〕見第二十章 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
12note 子思（吃）〔喫〕緊為人處 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
13note 齊師違（谷）〔穀〕七里 A slip of the transcription’s conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
15note 《詩·小雅·常棣》之篇 The 四庫全書本 reads 棠棣; 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read as here.
18note 戎衣，甲（冑）〔胄〕之屬 胄, the helmet, not 冑; as the 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read.
19note 以授（屍）〔尸〕也 … 群昭、群穆（鹹）〔咸〕在 尸, the one who stands for the dead at the sacrifice, and 咸, all: slips of the conversion from simplified characters; as in the 四庫全書本.
20note 能修其身 Wikisource’s editors read 修 for their printed text’s 仁, after the 清仿宋大字本 (the Qing facsimile of a Song edition in large characters); the 四庫全書本 and 四書通 read 仁.
26note 故能各極所盛 The 四庫全書本, 四書纂疏 and 四書通 read 其盛.
33note 上天之事 The 四庫全書本 and 四書纂疏 read 載, as the ode does; 四書通 reads as here.
In the translation
15 The way of the superior man may be compared to what takes place in traveling… Chapters 14 and 15 are joined in the transcription; divided where 15 begins.
22 It is only he who is possessed of the most complete sincerity… Chapters 21 and 22 are joined in the transcription; divided where 22 begins.
26 Hence to entire sincerity there belongs ceaselessness… Chapters 25 and 26 are joined in the transcription; divided where 26 begins.
29 He who attains to the sovereignty of the kingdom… Chapters 28 and 29 are joined in the transcription; divided where 29 begins.
五經

The Five Classics

In the order of the Han catalogue.

Spring and Autumn Annals春秋

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12 books · 1,877 passages

Base text底本

春秋（左氏經）

The classic as transmitted with the Zuo commentary, its entries divided and numbered as in Legge: 12.14.1 is his XII. xiv. 1.

Chinese Wikisource, as of 21 October 2026: 春秋左氏傳 (14 pages), 春秋經 (12), 春秋左傳正義 (60).

The 86 pages, at the revisions read

Public domain

Translation譯

The Ch‘un Ts‘ew, James Legge, 1872

The Chinese Classics, vol. V (Hongkong, 1872), from the Princeton Theological Seminary Library scans on archive.org (chineseclassics51legg, chineseclassics52legg): OCR read entry by entry against the page images.

Public domain

Collation notes校記· 29

Each transcription is first cleared of its known slips; where two of the three have the same character, that character is kept. The result is checked against Yang Bojun’s 春秋左傳注 (the Thesaurus Linguae Sericae edition, Kanripo KR1e0001), and each remaining difference is settled in the notes below, by Legge’s translation where possible. The punctuation is that of 春秋左傳正義.

In the text
2.17.3 夏，五月，丙午 夏 is not in Yang Bojun; kept, as Legge has “In summer, in the fifth month”.
3.7.2 夜，（恒）〔恆〕星不見 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
3.22.1 二十〔有〕二年 In the classic the years are written 二十有N年, as in Yang Bojun.
3.22.3 陳人殺其公子（禦）〔御〕寇 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
3.31.1, 3, 5 築（台）〔臺〕 臺; 台 is its simplified form.
5.28.15 莒子、邾（人）〔子〕、秦人于溫 Legge: “the viscount of Choo” (邾子).
6.11.2 叔仲彭生會晉郤缺于承（筐）〔匡〕 仲 is not in Yang Bojun; kept, as Legge has “Shuh-chung P‘ăng-săng” (叔仲彭生). 承匡: the established form, as in Yang Bojun.
8.2.3 戰于（鞍）〔鞌〕 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
8.17.10 公孫嬰〔齊〕卒于貍脤 Legge: “Kung-sun Ying-ts‘e” (嬰齊).
9.12.1 春，王（二）〔三〕月 Legge: “in the king’s third month”.
9.16.8 齊侯伐我北鄙，圍（郕）〔成〕 Legge: “laid siege to Ch‘ing” (成; 郕 would be Shing).
9.27.6 十有二月，乙（卯）〔亥〕，朔 Legge: “on Yih-hae” (乙亥).
10.1.12 〔楚〕公子比出奔晉 Legge: “The Kung-tsze P‘e of Ts‘oo”.
10.7.3 叔孫婼如齊（蒞）〔涖〕盟 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
10.15.2 癸酉，有事于武宮 Yang Bojun reads 大事; 有事 kept, as Legge has “there was a sacrifice”, not “a grand sacrifice” (大事).
10.20.5 蔡侯（盧）〔廬〕卒 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
10.24.1 二十〔有〕四年，春，王（三）〔二〕月 二十有N年, as in Yang Bojun; and Legge: “in the king’s second month”.
10.27.4 宋樂祁（犁）〔犂〕 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
11.6.5 晉人執宋行人樂祁（犁）〔犂〕 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
11.11.4 叔還如鄭（蒞）〔涖〕盟 The established form, as in Yang Bojun.
11.14.1 衛公叔（戌）〔戍〕來奔 Legge: “Kung-shuh Shoo” (戍).
In the translation
1.4.4 invaded Printed “invaked”.
2.6.1 [duke’s] sixth Printed “[duke’s sixth”: the closing bracket is not printed.
2.17.5 [the marquis of] Ts‘ae Printed “[the marquis of] of Ts‘ae”: “of” printed twice.
3.17.1 [duke’s] seventeenth Printed “[duke’s seventeenth”: the closing bracket is not printed.
5.9.2 the earl of Ts‘aou Printed “the earl of Tsaou”: the aspirate is not printed; Ts‘aou throughout.
5.29.4 there was a great fall of hail Printed “there was great fall a of hail”: “a” misplaced.
6.2.1 the marquis of Tsin Printed “he marquis of Tsin”: the “t” is not printed.
10.4.4 and Printed “aud”: a turned “n”.