The Analects
八佾 第三 Book Three · Bā yì
孔子謂季氏:「八佾舞於庭,是可忍也,孰不可忍也?」
Confucius said of the head of the Chî family, who had eight rows of pantomimes in his area, “If he can bear to do this, what may he not bear to do?”
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佾,音逸。○季氏,魯大夫季孫氏也。佾,舞列也,天子八、諸侯六、大夫四、士二。每佾人數,如其佾數。或曰:「每佾八人。」未詳孰是。季氏以大夫而僭用天子之樂,孔子言其此事尚忍為之,則何事不可忍為。或曰:「忍,容忍也。」蓋深疾之之辭。○范氏曰:「樂舞之數,自上而下,降殺以兩而已,故兩之間,不可以毫髮僭差也。孔子為政,先正禮樂,則季氏之罪不容誅矣。」謝氏曰:「君子於其所不當為不敢須臾處,不忍故也。而季氏忍此矣,則雖弒父與君,亦何所憚而不為乎?」
三家者以雍徹。子曰:「『相維辟公,天子穆穆』,奚取於三家之堂?」
The three families used the Yung ode, while the vessels were being removed, at the conclusion of the sacrifice. The Master said, “ ‘Assisting are the princes;—the son of heaven looks profound and grave:’—what application can these words have in the hall of the three families?”
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徹,直列反。相,去聲。○三家,魯大夫孟孫、叔孫、季孫之家也。雍,周頌篇名。徹,祭畢而收其俎也。天子宗廟之祭,則歌雍以徹,是時三家僭而用之。相,助也。辟公,諸侯也。穆穆,深遠之意,天子之容也。此雍詩之辭,孔子引之,言三家之堂非有此事,亦何取於此義而歌之乎?譏其無知妄作,以取僭竊之罪。○程子曰:「周公之功固大矣,皆臣子之分所當為,魯安得獨用天子禮樂哉?成王之賜,伯禽之受,皆非也。其因襲之弊,遂使季氏僭八佾,三家僭雍徹,故仲尼譏之。」
子曰:「人而不,如何?人而不,如樂何?」
The Master said, “If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites of propriety? If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with music?”
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游氏曰:「人而不仁,則人心亡矣,其如禮樂何哉?言雖欲用之,而禮樂不為之用也。」程子曰:「仁者天下之正理。失正理,則無序而不和。」李氏曰:「禮樂待人而後行,苟非其人,則雖玉帛交錯,鐘鼓鏗鏘,亦將如之何哉?」然記者序此於八佾雍徹之後,疑其為僭禮樂者發也。
林放問之本。子曰:「大哉問!,與其奢也,寧儉;喪,與其易也,寧戚。」
Lin Fang asked what was the first thing to be attended to in ceremonies.
The Master said, “A great question indeed!
“In festive ceremonies, it is better to be sparing than extravagant. In the ceremonies of mourning, it is better that there be deep sorrow than a minute attention to observances.”
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林放問禮之本。 林放,魯人。見世之為禮者,專事繁文,而疑其本之不在是也,故以為問。
子曰:「大哉問! 孔子以時方逐末,而放獨有志於本,故大其問。蓋得其本,則禮之全體無不在其中矣。
禮,與其奢也,寧儉;喪,與其易也,寧戚。」 易,去聲。○易,治也。孟子曰:「易其田疇。」在喪禮,則節文習熟,而無哀痛慘怛之實者也。戚則一於哀,而文不足耳。禮貴得中,奢易則過於文,儉戚則不及而質,二者皆未合禮。然凡物之理,必先有質而後有文,則質乃禮之本也。○范氏曰:「夫祭與其敬不足而禮有餘也,不若禮不足而敬有餘也,喪與其哀不足而禮有餘也,不若禮不足而哀有餘也。禮失之奢,喪失之易,皆不能反本,而隨其末故也。禮奢而備,不若儉而不備之愈也;喪易而文,不若戚而不文之愈也。儉者物之質,戚者心之誠,故為禮之本。」楊氏曰:「禮始諸飲食,故污尊而抔飲,為之簠、簋、籩、豆、罍、爵之飾,所以文之也,則其本儉而已。喪不可以徑情而直行,為之衰麻哭踴之數,所以節之也,則其本戚而已。周衰,世方以文滅質,而林放獨能問禮之本,故夫子大之,而告之以此。」
子曰:「夷狄之有君,不如諸夏之亡也。」
The Master said, “The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them.”
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吳氏曰:「亡,古無字,通用。」程子曰:「夷狄且有君長,不如諸夏之僭亂,反無上下之分也。」尹氏曰:「孔子傷時之亂而歎之也。亡,非實亡也,雖有之,不能盡其道爾。」
季氏旅於泰山。子謂冉有曰:「女弗能救與?」對曰:「不能。」子曰:「嗚呼!曾謂泰山,不如林放乎?」
The chief of the Chî family was about to sacrifice to the T’âi mountain. The Master said to Zǎn Yû, “Can you not save him from this?” He answered, “I cannot.” Confucius said, “Alas! will you say that the T’âi mountain is not so discerning as Lin Fang?”
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女,音汝。與,平聲。○旅,祭名。泰山,山名,在魯地。禮,諸侯祭封內山川,季氏祭之,僭也。冉有,孔子弟子,名求,時為季氏宰。救,謂救其陷於僭竊之罪。嗚呼,歎辭。言神不享非禮,欲季氏知其無益而自止,又進林放以厲冉有也。○范氏曰:「冉有從季氏,夫子豈不知其不可告也,然而聖人不輕絕人。盡己之心,安知冉有之不能救、季氏之不可諫也。既不能正,則美林放以明泰山之不可誣,是亦教誨之道也。」
子曰:「無所爭,必也射乎!揖讓而升,下而飲,其爭也。」
The Master said, “The student of virtue has no contentions. If it be said he cannot avoid them, shall this be in archery? But he bows complaisantly to his competitors; thus he ascends the hall, descends, and exacts the forfeit of drinking. In his contention, he is still the Chün-tsze.”
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飲,去聲。○揖讓而升者,大射之禮,耦進三揖而後升堂也。下而飲,謂射畢揖降,以俟眾耦皆降,勝者乃揖不勝者升,取觶立飲也。言君子恭遜不與人爭,惟於射而後有爭。然其爭也,雍容揖遜乃如此,則其爭也君子,而非若小人之爭矣。
子夏問曰:「『巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以為絢兮。』何謂也?」子曰:「繪事後素。」曰:「後乎?」子曰:「起予者商也!始可與言詩已矣。」
Tsze-hsîâ asked, saying, “What is the meaning of the passage—‘The pretty dimples of her artful smile! The well-defined black and white of her eye! The plain ground for the colours?’ ”
The Master said, “The business of laying on the colours follows (the preparation of) the plain ground.”
“Ceremonies then are a subsequent thing?” The Master said, “It is Shang who can bring out my meaning. Now I can begin to talk about the odes with him.”
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子夏問曰:「『巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以為絢兮。』何謂也?」 倩,七練反。盼,普莧反。絢,呼縣反。○此逸詩也。倩,好口輔也。盼,目黑白分也。素,粉地,畫之質也。絢,採色,畫之飾也。言人有此倩盼之美質,而又加以華采之飾,如有素地而加采色也。子夏疑其反謂以素為飾,故問之。
子曰:「繪事後素。」 繪,胡對反。○繪事,繪畫之事也。後素,後於素也。《考工記》曰:「繪畫之事後素功。」謂先以粉地為質,而後施五采,猶人有美質,然後可加文飾。
曰:「禮後乎?」子曰:「起予者商也!始可與言詩已矣。」 禮必以忠信為質,猶繪事必以粉素為先。起,猶發也。起予,言能起發我之志意。○謝氏曰:「子貢因論學而知詩,子夏因論詩而知學,故皆可與言詩。」楊氏曰:「『甘受和,白受采,忠信之人,可以學禮。苟無其質,禮不虛行』。此『繪事後素』之說也。孔子曰『繪事後素』,而子夏曰『禮後乎』,可謂能繼其志矣。非得之言意之表者能之乎?商賜可與言詩者以此。若夫玩心於章句之末,則其為詩也固而已矣。所謂『起予』,則亦相長之義也。」
子曰:「夏吾能言之,杞不足徵也;殷吾能言之,宋不足徵也。文獻不足故也,足則吾能徵之矣。」
The Master said, “I could describe the ceremonies of the Hsiâ dynasty, but Chî cannot sufficiently attest my words. I could describe the ceremonies of the Yin dynasty, but Sung cannot sufficiently attest my words. (They cannot do so) because of the insufficiency of their records and wise men. If those were sufficient, I could adduce them in support of my words.”
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杞,夏之後。宋,殷之後。徵,證也。文,典籍也。獻,賢也。言二代之禮,我能言之,而二國不足取以為證,以其文獻不足故也。文獻若足,則我能取之,以證君言矣。
子曰:「禘自既灌而往者,吾不欲觀之矣。」
The Master said, “At the great sacrifice, after the pouring out of the libation, I have no wish to look on.”
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禘,大計反。○趙伯循曰:「禘,王者之大祭也。王者既立始祖之廟,又推始祖所自出之帝,祀之於始祖之廟,而以始祖配之也。成王以周公有大勳勞,賜魯重祭。故得禘於周公之廟,以文王為所出之帝,而周公配之,然非禮矣。」灌者,方祭之始,用郁鬯之酒灌地,以降神也。魯之君臣,當此之時,誠意未散,猶有可觀,自此以後,則浸以懈怠而無足觀矣。蓋魯祭非禮,孔子本不欲觀,至此而失禮之中又失禮焉,故發此歎也。○謝氏曰:「夫子嘗曰:『我欲觀夏道,是故之杞,而不足征也;我欲觀殷道,是故之宋,而不足征也。』又曰:『我觀周道,幽厲傷之,吾捨魯何適矣。魯之郊禘非禮也,周公其衰矣!』考之杞宋已如彼,考之當今又如此,孔子所以深歎也。」
或問禘之說。子曰:「不知也。知其說者之於天下也,其如示諸斯乎!」指其掌。
Someone asked the meaning of the great sacrifice. The Master said, “I do not know. He who knew its meaning would find it as easy to govern the kingdom as to look on this”;—pointing to his palm.
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先王報本追遠之意,莫深於禘。非仁孝誠敬之至,不足以與此,非或人之所及也。而不王不禘之法,又魯之所當諱者,故以不知答之。示,與視同。指其掌,弟子記夫子言此而自指其掌,言其明且易也。蓋知禘之說,則理無不明,誠無不格,而治天下不難矣。聖人於此,豈真有所不知也哉?
祭如在,祭神如神在。子曰:「吾不與祭,如不祭。」
He sacrificed to the dead, as if they were present. He sacrificed to the spirits, as if the spirits were present.
The Master said, “I consider my not being present at the sacrifice, as if I did not sacrifice.”
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祭如在,祭神如神在。 程子曰:「祭,祭先祖也。祭神,祭外神也。祭先主於孝,祭神主於敬。」愚謂此門人記孔子祭祀之誠意。
子曰:「吾不與祭,如不祭。」 與,去聲。○又記孔子之言以明之。言己當祭之時,或有故不得與,而使他人攝之,則不得致其如在之誠。故雖已祭,而此心缺然,如未嘗祭也。○范氏曰:「君子之祭,七日戒,三日齊,必見所祭者,誠之至也。是故郊則天神格,廟則人鬼享,皆由己以致之也。有其誠則有其神,無其誠則無其神,可不謹乎?吾不與祭如不祭,誠為實,禮為虛也。」
王孫賈問曰:「與其媚於奧,寧媚於竈,何謂也?」子曰:「不然,獲罪於,無所禱也。」
Wang-sun Chiâ asked, saying, “What is the meaning of the saying, ‘It is better to pay court to the furnace than to the southwest corner?’ ”
The Master said, “Not so. He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray.”
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王孫賈問曰:「與其媚於奧,寧媚於竈,何謂也?」 王孫賈,衛大夫。媚,親順也。室西南隅為奧。竈者,五祀之一,夏所祭也。凡祭五祀,皆先設主而祭於其所,然後迎尸而祭於奧,略如祭宗廟之儀。如祀竈,則設主於竈陘,祭畢,而更設饌於奧以迎尸也。故時俗之語,因以奧有常尊,而非祭之主;竈雖卑賤,而當時用事。喻自結於君,不如阿附權臣也。賈,衛之權臣,故以此諷孔子。
子曰:「不然,獲罪於天,無所禱也。」 天,即理也;其尊無對,非奧竈之可比也。逆理,則獲罪於天矣,豈媚於奧竈所能禱而免乎?言但當順理,非特不當媚竈,亦不可媚於奧也。○謝氏曰:「聖人之言,遜而不迫。使王孫賈而知此意,不為無益;使其不知,亦非所以取禍。」
子曰:「周監於二代,郁郁乎文哉!吾從周。」
The Master said, “Châu had the advantage of viewing the two past dynasties. How complete and elegant are its regulations! I follow Châu.”
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郁,於六反。○監,視也。二代,夏商也。言其視二代之禮而損益之。郁郁,文盛貌。○尹氏曰:「三代之禮至周大備,夫子美其文而從之。」
子入大廟,每事問。或曰:「孰謂鄹人之子知乎?入大廟,每事問。」子聞之曰:「是也。」
The Master, when he entered the grand temple, asked about everything. Someone said, “Who will say that the son of the man of Tsâu knows the rules of propriety! He has entered the grand temple and asks about everything.” The Master heard the remark, and said, “This is a rule of propriety.”
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大,音泰。鄹,側留反。○大廟,魯周公廟。此蓋孔子始仕之時,入而助祭也。鄹,魯邑名。孔子父叔梁紇,嘗為其邑大夫。孔子自少以知禮聞,故或人因此而譏之。孔子言『是禮』者,敬謹之至,乃所以為禮也。○尹氏曰:「禮者,敬而已矣。雖知亦問,謹之至也,其為敬莫大於此。謂之不知禮者,豈足以知孔子哉?」
子曰:「射不主皮,為力不同科,古之道也。」
The Master said, “In archery it is not going through the leather which is the principal thing;—because people’s strength is not equal. This was the old way.”
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為,去聲。○射不主皮,鄉射禮文。為力不同科,孔子解禮之意如此也。皮,革也,布侯而棲革於其中以為的,所謂鵠也。科,等也。古者射以觀德,但主於中,而不主於貫革,蓋以人之力有強弱,不同等也。記曰:「武王克商,散軍郊射,而貫革之射息。」正謂此也。周衰,禮廢,列國兵爭,復尚貫革,故孔子歎之。○楊氏曰:「中可以學而能,力不可以強而至。聖人言古之道,所以正今之失。」
子貢欲去告朔之餼羊。子曰:「賜也,爾愛其羊,我愛其。」
Tsze-kung wished to do away with the offering of a sheep connected with the inauguration of the first day of each month.
The Master said, “Ts’ze, you love the sheep; I love the ceremony.”
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子貢欲去告朔之餼羊。 去,起呂反。告,古篤反。餼,許氣反。○告朔之禮:古者天子常以季冬,頒來歲十二月之朔於諸侯,諸侯受而藏之祖廟。月朔,則以特羊告廟,請而行之。餼,生牲也。魯自文公始不視朔,而有司猶供此羊,故子貢欲去之。
子曰:「賜也,爾愛其羊,我愛其禮。」 愛,猶惜也。子貢蓋惜其無實而妄費。然禮雖廢,羊存,猶得以識之而可復焉。若並去其羊,則此禮遂亡矣,孔子所以惜之。○楊氏曰:「告朔,諸侯所以禀命於君親,禮之大者。魯不視朔矣,然羊存則告朔之名未泯,而其實因可舉。此夫子所以惜之也。」
子曰:「事君盡,人以為諂也。」
The Master said, “The full observance of the rules of propriety in serving one’s prince is accounted by people to be flattery.”
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黃氏曰:「孔子於事君之禮,非有所加也,如是而後盡爾。時人不能,反以為諂。故孔子言之,以明禮之當然也。」程子曰:「聖人事君盡禮,當時以為諂。若他人言之,必曰『我事君盡禮,小人以為諂』,而孔子之言止於如此。聖人道大德宏,此亦可見。」
定公問:「君使臣,臣事君,如之何?」孔子對曰:「君使臣以,臣事君以忠。」
The Duke Ting asked how a prince should employ his ministers, and how ministers should serve their prince. Confucius replied, “A prince should employ his minister according to the rules of propriety; ministers should serve their prince with faithfulness.”
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定公,魯君,名宋。二者皆理之當然,各欲自盡而已。○呂氏曰:「使臣不患其不忠,患禮之不至;事君不患其無禮,患忠之不足。」尹氏曰:「君臣以義合者也。故君使臣以禮,則臣事君以忠。」
子曰:「《關雎》,樂而不淫,哀而不傷。」
The Master said, “The Kwan Tsü is expressive of enjoyment without being licentious, and of grief without being hurtfully excessive.”
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樂,音洛。○《關雎》,《周南》《國風》《詩》之首篇也。淫者,樂之過而失其正者也。傷者,哀之過而害於和者也。《關雎》之詩,言后妃之德,宜配君子。求之未得,則不能無寤寐反側之憂;求而得之,則宜其有琴瑟鐘鼓之樂。蓋其憂雖深而不害於和,其樂雖盛而不失其正,故夫子稱之如此。欲學者玩其辭,審其音,而有以識其性情之正也。
哀公問社於宰我。宰我對曰:「夏後氏以松,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰使民戰慄。」子聞之曰:「成事不說,遂事不諫,既往不咎。」
The Duke Âi asked Tsâi Wo about the altars of the spirits of the land. Tsâi Wo replied, “The Hsiâ sovereign planted the pine tree about them; the men of the Yin planted the cypress; and the men of the Châu planted the chestnut tree, meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe.”
When the Master heard it, he said, “Things that are done, it is needless to speak about; things that have had their course, it is needless to remonstrate about; things that are past, it is needless to blame.”
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哀公問社於宰我。宰我對曰:「夏後氏以松,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰使民戰慄。」 宰我,孔子弟子,名予。三代之社不同者,古者立社,各樹其土之所宜木以為主也。戰慄,恐懼貌。宰我又言周所以用栗之意如此。豈以古者戮人於社,故附會其說與?
子聞之曰:「成事不說,遂事不諫,既往不咎。」 遂事,謂事雖未成,而勢不能已者。孔子以宰我所對,非立社之本意,又啟時君殺伐之心,而其言已出,不可復救,故歷言此以深責之,欲使謹其後也。○尹氏曰:「古者各以所宜木名其社,非取義於木也。宰我不知而妄對,故夫子責之。」
子曰:「管仲之器小哉!」或曰:「管仲儉乎?」曰:「管氏有三歸,官事不攝,焉得儉?」「然則管仲知乎?」曰:「邦君樹塞門,管氏亦樹塞門;邦君為兩君之好,有反坫,管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知,孰不知?」
The Master said, “Small indeed was the capacity of Kwan Chung!”
Someone said, “Was Kwan Chung parsimonious?” “Kwan,” was the reply, “had the San Kwei, and his officers performed no double duties; how can he be considered parsimonious?”
“Then, did Kwan Chung know the rules of propriety?” The Master said, “The princes of States have a screen intercepting the view at their gates. Kwan had likewise a screen at his gate. The princes of States on any friendly meeting between two of them, had a stand on which to place their inverted cups. Kwan had also such a stand. If Kwan knew the rules of propriety, who does not know them?”
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子曰:「管仲之器小哉!」 管仲,齊大夫,名夷吾,相桓公霸諸侯。器小,言其不知聖賢大學之道,故局量褊淺、規模卑狹,不能正身修德以致主於王道。
或曰:「管仲儉乎?」曰:「管氏有三歸,官事不攝,焉得儉?」 焉,於虔反。○或人蓋疑器小之為儉。三歸,台名。事見《說苑》。攝,兼也。家臣不能具官,一人常兼數事。管仲不然,皆言其侈。
「然則管仲知禮乎?」曰:「邦君樹塞門,管氏亦樹塞門;邦君為兩君之好,有反坫,管氏亦有反坫。管氏而知禮,孰不知禮?」 好,去聲。坫,丁念反。○或人又疑不儉為知禮。屏謂之樹。塞,猶蔽也。設屏於門,以蔽內外也。好,謂好會。坫,在兩楹之間,獻酬飲畢,則反爵於其上。此皆諸侯之禮,而管仲僭之,不知禮也。愚謂孔子譏管仲之器小,其旨深矣。或人不知而疑其儉,故斥其奢以明其非儉。或又疑其知禮,故又斥其僭,以明其不知禮。蓋雖不復明言小器之所以然,而其所以小者,於此亦可見矣。故程子曰:「奢而犯禮,其器之小可知。蓋器大,則自知禮而無此失矣。」此言當深味也。○蘇氏曰:「自修身正家以及於國,則其本深,其及者遠,是謂大器。揚雄所謂『大器猶規矩準繩』,先自治而後治人者是也。管仲三歸反坫,桓公內嬖六人,而霸天下,其本固已淺矣。管仲死,桓公薨,天下不復宗齊。」楊氏曰:「夫子大管仲之功而小其器。蓋非王佐之才,雖能合諸侯、正天下,其器不足稱也。道學不明,而王霸之略混為一途。故聞管仲之器小,則疑其為儉,以不儉告之,則又疑其知禮。蓋世方以詭遇為功,而不知為之范,則不悟其小宜矣。」
子語魯大師樂。曰:「樂其可知也:始作,翕如也;從之,純如也,皦如也,繹如也,以成。」
The Master instructing the grand music-master of Lü said, “How to play music may be known. At the commencement of the piece, all the parts should sound together. As it proceeds, they should be in harmony while severally distinct and flowing without break, and thus on to the conclusion.”
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語,去聲。大,音泰。從,音縱。○語,告也。大師,樂官名。時音樂廢缺,故孔子教之。翕,合也。從,放也。純,和也。皦,明也。繹,相續不絕也。成,樂之一終也。○謝氏曰:「五音六律不具,不足以為樂。翕如,言其合也。五音合矣,清濁高下,如五味之相濟而後和,故曰『純如』。合而和矣,欲其無相奪倫,故曰『皦如』,然豈宮自宮而商自商乎?不相反而相連,如貫珠可也,故曰『繹如』也,以成。」
儀封人請見。曰:「之至於斯也,吾未嘗不得見也。」從者見之。出曰:「二三子,何患於喪乎?天下之無道也久矣,將以夫子為木鐸。」
The border warden at Yî requested to be introduced to the Master, saying, “When men of superior virtue have come to this, I have never been denied the privilege of seeing them.” The followers of the sage introduced him, and when he came out from the interview, he said, “My friends, why are you distressed by your master’s loss of office? The kingdom has long been without the principles of truth and right; Heaven is going to use your master as a bell with its wooden tongue.”
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請見、見之之見,賢遍反。從、喪,皆去聲。○儀,衛邑。封人,掌封疆之官,蓋賢而隱於下位者也。君子,謂當時賢者。至此皆得見之,自言其平日不見絕於賢者,而求以自通也。見之,謂通使得見。喪,謂失位去國,《禮》曰「喪欲速貧」是也。木鐸,金口木舌,施政教時所振,以警眾者也。言亂極當治,天必將使夫子得位設教,不久失位也。封人一見夫子而遽以是稱之,其所得於觀感之間者深矣。或曰:「木鐸所以徇於道路,言天使夫子失位,周流四方以行其教,如木鐸之徇於道路也。」
子謂韶,「盡美矣,又盡善也。」謂武,「盡美矣,未盡善也」。
The Master said of the Shâo that it was perfectly beautiful and also perfectly good. He said of the Wû that it was perfectly beautiful but not perfectly good.
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韶,舜樂。武,武王樂。美者,聲容之盛。善者,美之實也。舜紹堯致治,武王伐紂救民,其功一也,故其樂皆盡美。然舜之德,性之也,又以揖遜而有天下;武王之德,反之也,又以征誅而得天下,故其實有不同者。○程子曰:「成湯放桀,惟有慚德,武王亦然,故未盡善。堯、舜、湯、武,其揆一也。征伐非其所欲,所遇之時然爾。」
子曰:「居上不寬,為不敬,臨喪不哀,吾何以觀之哉?」
The Master said, “High station filled without indulgent generosity; ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted without sorrow;—wherewith should I contemplate such ways?”
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居上主於愛人,故以寬為本。為禮以敬為本,臨喪以哀為本。既無其本,則以何者而觀其所行之得失哉?