The Analects
述而 第七 Book Seven · Shù ér
子曰:「述而不作,信而好古,竊比於我老彭。」
The Master said, “A transmitter and not a maker, believing in and loving the ancients, I venture to compare myself with our old P’âng.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
好,去聲。○述,傳舊而已。作,則創始也。故作非聖人不能,而述則賢者可及。竊比,尊之之辭。我,親之之辭。老彭,商賢大夫,見大戴禮,蓋信古而傳述者也。孔子刪詩書、定禮樂、贊周易、修春秋,皆傳先王之舊,而未嘗有所作也,故其自言如此。蓋不惟不敢當作者之聖,而亦不敢顯然自附於古之賢人;蓋其德愈盛而心愈下,不自知其辭之謙也。然當是時,作者略備,夫子蓋集群聖之大成而折衷之。其事雖述,而功則倍於作矣,此又不可不知也。
子曰:「默而識之,學而不厭,誨人不倦,何有於我哉?」
The Master said, “The silent treasuring up of knowledge; learning without satiety; and instructing others without being wearied:—which one of these things belongs to me?”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
識,音志,又如字。○識,記也。默識,謂不言而存諸心也。一說:識,知也,不言而心解也。前說近是。何有於我,言何者能有於我也。三者已非聖人之極至,而猶不敢當,則謙而又謙之辭也。
子曰:「德之不修,學之不講,聞不能徙,不善不能改,是吾憂也。」
The Master said, “The learning virtue without proper cultivation; the not thoroughly discussing what is learned; not being able to move towards righteousness of which a knowledge is gained; and not being able to change what is not good:—these are the things which occasion me solicitude.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
尹氏曰:「德必修而後成,學必講而後明,見善能徙,改過不吝,此四者日新之要也。苟未能之,聖人猶憂,況學者乎?」
子之燕居,申申如也,夭夭如也。
When the Master was unoccupied with business, his manner was easy, and he looked pleased.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
燕居,閒暇無事之時。○楊氏曰:「申申,其容舒也。夭夭,其色愉也。」程子曰:「此弟子善形容聖人處也,為申申字說不盡,故更著夭夭字。今人燕居之時,不怠惰放肆,必太嚴厲。嚴厲時,著此四字不得;怠惰放肆時,亦著此四字不得。惟聖人便自有中和之氣。」
子曰:「甚矣吾衰也!久矣,吾不復夢見周公。」
The Master said, “Extreme is my decay. For a long time, I have not dreamed, as I was wont to do, that I saw the duke of Châu.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
復,扶又反。○孔子盛時,志欲行周公之道,故夢寐之間,如或見之。至其老而不能行也,則無復是心,而亦無復是夢矣,故因此而自歎其衰之甚也。○程子曰:「孔子盛時,寤寐常存行周公之道;及其老也,則志慮衰而不可以有為矣。蓋存道者心,無老少之異;而行道者身,老則衰也。」
子曰:「志於道,據於德,依於,游於藝。
The Master said, “Let the will be set on the path of duty.
“Let every attainment in what is good be firmly grasped.
“Let perfect virtue be accorded with.
“Let relaxation and enjoyment be found in the polite arts.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
子曰:「志於道, 志者,心之所之之謂。道,則人倫日用之間所當行者是也。如此,而心必之焉;則所適者正,而無他歧之惑矣。
據於德, 據者,執守之意。德者,得也,得其道於心而不失之謂也。得之於心了,而守之不失;則終始惟一,而有日新之功矣。
依於仁, 依者,不違之謂。仁,則私慾盡去而心德之全也。功夫至此,而無終食之違;則存養之熟,無適而非天理之流行矣。
游於藝。 游者,玩物適情之謂。藝,則禮樂之文,射、御、書、數之法;皆至理所寓,而日用之不可闕者也。朝夕游焉,以博其義理之趣;則應務有餘,而心亦無所放矣。」此章言人之為學當如是也。蓋學莫先於立志,志道,則心存於正而不他;據德,則道得於心而不失;依仁,則德性常用而物慾不行;遊藝,則小物不遺而動息有養。學者於此,有以不失其先後之序、輕重之倫焉。則本末兼該,內外交養,日用之間,無少間隙,而涵泳從容,忽不自知其入於聖賢之域矣。
子曰:「自行束修以上,吾未嘗無誨焉。」
The Master said, “From the man bringing his bundle of dried flesh for my teaching upwards, I have never refused instruction to anyone.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
修,脯也。十脡為束。古者相見,必執贄以為禮。束修,其至薄者。蓋人之有生,同具此理;故聖人之於人,無不欲其入於善。但不知來學,則無往教之禮。故苟以禮來,則無不有以教之也。
子曰:「不憤不啟,不悱不發。舉一隅不以三隅反,則不復也。」
The Master said, “I do not open up the truth to one who is not eager to get knowledge, nor help out anyone who is not anxious to explain himself. When I have presented one corner of a subject to anyone, and he cannot from it learn the other three, I do not repeat my lesson.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
憤,房粉反。悱,芳匪反。復,扶又反。○憤者,心求通而未得之意。悱者,口欲言而未能之貌。啟,謂開其意。發,謂達其辭。物之有四隅者,舉一可知其三。反者,還以相證之義。復,再告也。上章已言聖人誨人不倦之意,因并記此,欲學者勉於用力,以為受教之地也。○程子曰:「憤悱,誠意之見於色辭者也。待其誠至而後告之。既告之,又必待其自得,乃復告爾。」又曰:「不待憤悱而發,則知之不能堅固;待其憤悱而後發,則沛然矣。」
子食於有喪者之側,未嘗飽也。子於是日哭,則不歌。
When the Master was eating by the side of a mourner, he never ate to the full.
He did not sing on the same day in which he had been weeping.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
子食於有喪者之側,未嘗飽也。 臨喪哀,不能甘也。
子於是日哭,則不歌。 哭,謂吊哭。日之內,余哀未忘,自不能歌也。○謝氏曰:「學者於此二者,可見聖人情性之正也。能識聖人之情性,然後可以學道。」
子謂顏淵曰:「用之則行,舍之則藏;唯我與爾有是夫。」子路曰:「子行三軍,則誰與?」子曰:「暴虎馮河,死而無悔者,吾不與也。必也,臨事而懼,好謀而成者也。」
The Master said to Yen Yüan, “When called to office, to undertake its duties; when not so called, to lie retired;—it is only I and you who have attained to this.”
Tsze-lû said, “If you had the conduct of the armies of a great State, whom would you have to act with you?”
The Master said, “I would not have him to act with me, who will unarmed attack a tiger, or cross a river without a boat, dying without any regret. My associate must be the man who proceeds to action full of solicitude, who is fond of adjusting his plans, and then carries them into execution.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
子謂顏淵曰:「用之則行,舍之則藏;唯我與爾有是夫。」 舍,上聲。夫,音扶。○尹氏曰:「用捨無與於己,行藏安於所遇;命不足道也。顏子幾於聖人,故亦能之。」
子路曰:「子行三軍,則誰與?」 萬二千五百人為軍,大國三軍。子路見孔子獨美顏淵,自負其勇。意夫子若行三軍,必與己同。
子曰:「暴虎馮河,死而無悔者,吾不與也。必也,臨事而懼,好謀而成者也。」 馮,皮冰反。好,去聲。○暴虎,徒搏。馮河,徒涉。懼,謂敬其事。成,謂成其謀。言此皆以抑其勇而教之。然行師之要實不外此,子路蓋不知也。○謝氏曰:「聖人於行藏之間,無意無必。其行非貪位,其藏非獨善也。若有欲心,則不用而求行,捨之而不藏矣。是以惟顏子為可以與於此。子路雖非有欲心者,然未能無固必也。至以行三軍為問,則其論益卑矣。夫子之言,蓋因其失而救之。夫不謀無成,不懼必敗。小事尚然,而況於行三軍乎?」
子曰:「富而可求也,雖執鞭之士,吾亦為之。如不可求,從吾所好。」
The Master said, “If the search for riches is sure to be successful, though I should become a groom with whip in hand to get them, I will do so. As the search may not be successful, I will follow after that which I love.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
好,去聲。○執鞭,賤者之事。設言富若可求,則雖身為賤役以求之,亦所不辭。然有命焉,非求之可得也;則安於義理而已矣,何必徒取辱哉?○蘇氏曰:「聖人未嘗有意於求富也,豈問其可不可哉?為此語者,特以明其決不可求爾。」楊氏曰:「君子非惡富貴而不求,以其在天,無可求之道也。」
子之所慎:齊、戰、疾。
The things in reference to which the Master exercised the greatest caution were—fasting, war, and sickness.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
齊,側皆反。○齊之為言齊也,將祭而齊其思慮之不齊者,以交於神明也。誠之至與不至,神之饗與不饗,皆決於此。戰則眾之死生、國之存亡系焉,疾又吾身之所以死生存亡者,皆不可以不謹也。○尹氏曰:「夫子無所不謹,弟子記其大者耳。」
子在齊聞韶,三月不知肉味。曰:「不圖為樂之至於斯也!」
When the Master was in Ch’î, he heard the Shâo, and for three months did not know the taste of flesh. “I did not think,” he said, “that music could have been made so excellent as this.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
《史記》「三月」上有「學之」二字。「不知肉味」,蓋心一於是而不及乎他也。曰:不意舜之作樂至於如此之美,則有以極其情文之備,而不覺其歎息之深也,蓋非聖人不足以及此。○范氏曰:「韶盡美又盡善,樂之無以加此也。故學之三月,不知肉味,而歎美之如此。誠之至,感之深也。」
冉有曰:「夫子為衛君乎?」子貢曰:「諾。吾將問之。」入,曰:「伯夷、叔齊何人也?」曰:「古之賢人也。」曰:「怨乎?」曰:「求而得,又何怨。」出,曰:「夫子不為也。」
Yen Yû said, “Is our Master for the ruler of Wei?” Tsze-kung said, “Oh! I will ask him.”
He went in accordingly, and said, “What sort of men were Po-î and Shû-ch’î?” “They were ancient worthies,” said the Master. “Did they have any repinings because of their course?” The Master again replied, “They sought to act virtuously, and they did so; what was there for them to repine about?” On this, Tsze-kung went out and said, “Our Master is not for him.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
冉有曰:「夫子為衛君乎?」子貢曰:「諾。吾將問之。」 為,去聲。○為,猶助也。衛君,出公輒也。靈公逐其世子蒯聵。公薨,而國人立蒯聵之子輒。於是晉納蒯聵而輒拒之。時孔子居衛,衛人以蒯聵得罪於父,而輒嫡孫當立,故冉有疑而問之。諾,應辭也。
入,曰:「伯夷、叔齊何人也?」曰:「古之賢人也。」曰:「怨乎?」曰:「求仁而得仁,又何怨。」出,曰:「夫子不為也。」 伯夷、叔齊,孤竹君之二子。其父將死,遺命立叔齊。父卒,叔齊遜伯夷。伯夷曰:「父命也。」遂逃去。叔齊亦不立而逃之,國人立其中子。其後武王伐紂,夷、齊扣馬而諫。武王滅商,夷、齊恥食周粟,去隱於首陽山,遂餓而死。怨,猶悔也。君子居是邦,不非其大夫,況其君乎?故子貢不斥衛君,而以夷、齊為問。夫子告之如此,則其不為衛君可知矣。蓋伯夷以父命為尊,叔齊以天倫為重。其遜國也,皆求所以合乎天理之正,而即乎人心之安。既而各得其志焉,則視棄其國猶敝蹝爾,何怨之有?若衛輒之據國拒父而惟恐失之,其不可同年而語明矣。○程子曰:「伯夷、叔齊遜國而逃,諫伐而餓;終無怨悔。夫子以為賢,故知其不與輒也。」
子曰:「飯疏食飲水,曲肱而枕之,樂亦在其中矣。不而富且貴,於我如浮雲。」
The Master said, “With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my bended arm for a pillow;—I have still joy in the midst of these things. Riches and honours acquired by unrighteousness, are to me as a floating cloud.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
飯,符晚反。食,音嗣。枕,去聲。樂,音洛。○飯,食之也。疏食,麤飯也。聖人之心,渾然天理,雖處困極,而樂亦無不在焉。其視不義之富貴,如浮雲之無有,漠然無所動於其中也。○程子曰:「非樂疏食飲水也。雖疏食飲水,不能改其樂也。不義之富貴,視之輕如浮雲然。」又曰:「須知所樂者何事。」
子曰:「加我數年,五十以學易,可以無大過矣。」
The Master said, “If some years were added to my life, I would give fifty to the study of the Yî, and then I might come to be without great faults.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
劉聘君見元城劉忠定公自言嘗讀他論,「加」作假,「五十」作卒。蓋加、假聲相近而誤讀,卒與五十字相似而誤分也。愚按:此章之言,史記作為「假我數年,若是我於易則彬彬矣」。加正作假,而無五十字。蓋是時,孔子年已幾七十矣,五十字誤無疑也。學易,則明乎吉兇消長之理,進退存亡之道,故可以無大過。蓋聖人深見易道之無窮,而言此以教人,使知其不可不學,而又不可以易而學也。
子所雅言:詩、書、執,皆雅言也。
The Master’s frequent themes of discourse were—the Odes, the History, and the maintenance of the Rules of Propriety. On all these he frequently discoursed.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
雅,常也。執,守也。詩以理情性,書以道政事,禮以謹節文,皆切於日用之實,故常言之。禮獨言執者,以人所執守而言,非徒誦說而已也。○程子曰:「孔子雅素之言,止於如此。若性與天道,則有不可得而聞者,要在默而識之也。」謝氏曰:「此因學易之語而類記之。」
葉公問孔子於子路,子路不對。子曰:「女奚不曰,其為人也,發憤忘食,樂以忘憂,不知老之將至云爾。」
The Duke of Sheh asked Tsze-lû about Confucius, and Tsze-lû did not answer him.
The Master said, “Why did you not say to him—He is simply a man, who in his eager pursuit (of knowledge) forgets his food, who in the joy of its attainment forgets his sorrows, and who does not perceive that old age is coming on?”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
葉公問孔子於子路,子路不對。 葉,舒涉反。葉公,楚葉縣尹沈諸梁,字子高,僭稱公也。葉公不知孔子,必有非所問而問者,故子路不對。抑亦以聖人之德,實有未易名言者與?
子曰:「女奚不曰,其為人也,發憤忘食,樂以忘憂,不知老之將至云爾。」 未得,則發憤而忘食;已得,則樂之而忘憂。以是二者俛焉日有孳孳,而不知年數之不足,但自言其好學之篤耳。然深味之,則見其全體至極,純亦不已之妙,有非聖人不能及者。蓋凡夫子之自言類如此,學者宜致思焉。
子曰:「我非生而知之者,好古,敏以求之者也。」
The Master said, “I am not one who was born in the possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in seeking it there.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
好,去聲。○生而知之者,氣質清明,義理昭著,不待學而知也。敏,速也,謂汲汲也。○尹氏曰:「孔子以生知之聖,每云好學者,非惟勉人也。蓋生而可知者,義理爾。若夫禮樂名物,古今事變,亦必待學而後有以驗其實也。」
子不語:怪、力、亂、神。
The subjects on which the Master did not talk, were—extraordinary things, feats of strength, disorder, and spiritual beings.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
怪異、勇力、悖亂之事,非理之正,固聖人所不語。鬼神,造化之跡,雖非不正,然非窮理之至,有未易明者,故亦不輕以語人也。○謝氏曰:「聖人語常而不語怪,語德而不語力,語治而不語亂,語人而不語神。」
子曰:「三人行,必有我師焉。擇其善者而從之,其不善者而改之。」
The Master said, “When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
三人同行,其一我也。彼二人者,一善一惡,則我從其善而改其惡焉,是二人者皆我師也。○尹氏曰:「見賢思齊,見不賢而內自省,則善惡皆我之師,進善其有窮乎?」
子曰:「生德於予,桓魋其如予何?」
The Master said, “Heaven produced the virtue that is in me. Hwan T’ûi—what can he do to me?”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
魋,徒雷反。○桓魋,宋司馬向魋也。出於桓公,故又稱桓氏。魋欲害孔子,孔子言天既賦我以如是之德,則桓魋其奈我何?言必不能違天害己。
子曰:「二三子以我為隱乎?吾無隱乎爾。吾無行而不與二三子者,是丘也。」
The Master said, “Do you think, my disciples, that I have any concealments? I conceal nothing from you. There is nothing which I do that is not shown to you, my disciples;—that is my way.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
諸弟子以夫子之道高深不可幾及,故疑其有隱,而不知聖人作、止、語、默無非教也,故夫子以此言曉之。與,猶示也。○程子曰:「聖人之道猶天然,門弟子親炙而冀及之,然後知其高且遠也。使誠以為不可及,則趨向之心不幾於怠乎?故聖人之教,常俯而就之如此:非獨使資質庸下者勉思企及,而才氣高邁者亦不敢躐易而進也。」呂氏曰:「聖人體道無隱,與天象昭然,莫非至教。常以示人,而人自不察。」
子以四教:文、行、忠、。
There were four things which the Master taught—letters, ethics, devotion of soul, and truthfulness.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
行,去聲。○程子曰:「教人以學文修行而存忠信也。忠信,本也。」
子曰:「聖人,吾不得而見之矣;得見者,斯可矣。」子曰:「善人,吾不得而見之矣;得見有恆者,斯可矣。亡而為有,虛而為盈,約而為泰,難乎有恆矣。」
The Master said, “A sage it is not mine to see; could I see a man of real talent and virtue, that would satisfy me.”
The Master said, “A good man it is not mine to see; could I see a man possessed of constancy, that would satisfy me.
“Having not and yet affecting to have, empty and yet affecting to be full, straitened and yet affecting to be at ease:—it is difficult with such characteristics to have constancy.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
子曰:「聖人,吾不得而見之矣;得見君子者,斯可矣。」 聖人,神明不測之號。君子,才德出眾之名。
子曰:「善人,吾不得而見之矣;得見有恆者,斯可矣。 恆,胡登反。○「子曰」字疑衍文。恆,常久之意。○張子曰:「有恆者,不貳其心。善人者,志於仁而無惡。」
亡而為有,虛而為盈,約而為泰,難乎有恆矣。」 亡,讀為無。○三者皆虛誇之事,凡若此者,必不能守其常也。張敬夫曰:「聖人、君子以學言,善人、有恆者以質言。」愚謂有恆者之與聖人,高下固懸絕矣,然未有不自有恆而能至於聖者也。故章末申言有恆之義,其示人入德之門,可謂深切而著明矣。
子釣而不綱,弋不射宿。
The Master angled—but did not use a net. He shot—but not at birds perching.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
射,食亦反。○綱,以大繩屬網,絕流而漁者也。弋,以生絲系矢而射也。宿,宿鳥。○洪氏曰:「孔子少貧賤,為養與祭,或不得已而釣弋,如獵較是也。然盡物取之,出其不意,亦不為也。此可見仁人之本心矣。待物如此,待人可知;小者如此,大者可知。」
子曰:「蓋有不知而作之者,我無是也。多聞擇其善者而從之,多見而識之,知之次也。」
The Master said, “There may be those who act without knowing why. I do not do so. Hearing much and selecting what is good and following it; seeing much and keeping it in memory:—this is the second style of knowledge.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
識,音志。○不知而作,不知其理而妄作也。孔子自言未嘗妄作,蓋亦謙辭,然亦可見其無所不知也。識,記也。所從不可不擇,記則善惡皆當存之,以備參考。如此者雖未能實知其理,亦可以次於知之者也。
互鄉難與言,童子見,門人惑。子曰:「與其進也,不與其退也,唯何甚!人潔己以進,與其潔也,不保其往也。」
It was difficult to talk (profitably and reputably) with the people of Hû-hsiang, and a lad of that place having had an interview with the Master, the disciples doubted.
The Master said, “I admit people’s approach to me without committing myself as to what they may do when they have retired. Why must one be so severe? If a man purify himself to wait upon me, I receive him so purified, without guaranteeing his past conduct.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
互鄉難與言,童子見,門人惑。 見,賢遍反。○互鄉,鄉名。其人習於不善,難與言善。惑者,疑夫子不當見之也。
子曰:「與其進也,不與其退也,唯何甚!人潔己以進,與其潔也,不保其往也。」 疑此章有錯簡。「人潔」至「往也」十四字,當在「與其進也」之前。潔,修治也。與,許也。往,前日也。言人潔己而來,但許其能自潔耳,固不能保其前日所為之善惡也;但許其進而來見耳,非許其既退而為不善也。蓋不追其既往,不逆其將來;以是心至,斯受之耳。唯字上下,疑又有闕文,大抵亦不為已甚之意。○程子曰:「聖人待物之洪如此。」
子曰:「遠乎哉?我欲,斯至矣。」
The Master said, “Is virtue a thing remote? I wish to be virtuous, and lo! virtue is at hand.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
仁者,心之德,非在外也。放而不求,故有以為遠者;反而求之,則即此而在矣,夫豈遠哉?○程子曰:「為仁由己,欲之則至,何遠之有?」
陳司敗問:「昭公知乎?」孔子曰:「知。」孔子退,揖巫馬期而進之,曰:「吾聞不黨,亦黨乎?君取於吳為同姓,謂之吳孟子。君而知,孰不知?」巫馬期以告。子曰:「丘也幸,苟有過,人必知之。」
The minister of crime of Ch’ǎn asked whether the duke Châo knew propriety, and Confucius said, “He knew propriety.”
Confucius having retired, the minister bowed to Wû-mâ Ch’î to come forward, and said, “I have heard that the superior man is not a partisan. May the superior man be a partisan also? The prince married a daughter of the house of Wû, of the same surname with himself, and called her—‘The elder Tsze of Wû.’ If the prince knew propriety, who does not know it?”
Wû-mâ Ch’î reported these remarks, and the Master said, “I am fortunate! If I have any errors, people are sure to know them.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
陳司敗問:「昭公知禮乎?」孔子曰:「知禮。」 陳,國名。司敗,官名,即司寇也。昭公,魯君,名裯。習於威儀之節,當時以為知禮。故司敗以為問,而孔子答之如此。
孔子退,揖巫馬期而進之,曰:「吾聞君子不黨,君子亦黨乎?君取於吳為同姓,謂之吳孟子。君而知禮,孰不知禮?」 取,七住反。○巫馬姓,期字;孔子弟子,名施。司敗揖而進之也。相助匿非曰黨。禮不娶同姓,而魯與吳皆姬姓。謂之吳孟子者,諱之使若宋女子姓者然。
巫馬期以告。子曰:「丘也幸,苟有過,人必知之。」 孔子不可自謂諱君之惡,又不可以娶同姓為知禮,故受以為過而不辭。○吳氏曰:「魯,蓋夫子父母之國;昭公,魯之先君也。司敗又未嘗顯言其事,而遽以知禮為問,其對之宜如此也。及司敗以為有黨,而夫子受以為過;蓋夫子之盛德,無所不可也。然其受以為過也,亦不正言其所以過,初若不知孟子之事者,可以為萬世之法矣。」
子與人歌而善,必使反之,而後和之。
When the Master was in company with a person who was singing, if he sang well, he would make him repeat the song, while he accompanied it with his own voice.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
和,去聲。○反,復也。必使復歌者,欲得其詳而取其善也。而後和之者,喜得其詳而與其善也。此見聖人氣象從容,誠意懇至,而其謙遜審密,不掩人善又如此。蓋一事之微,而眾善之集,有不可勝既者焉,讀者宜詳味之。
子曰:「文,莫吾猶人也。躬行,則吾未之有得。」
The Master said, “In letters I am perhaps equal to other men, but the character of the superior man, carrying out in his conduct what he professes, is what I have not yet attained to.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
莫,疑辭。猶人,言不能過人,而尚可以及人。未之有得,則全未有得,皆自謙之辭。而足以見言行之難易緩急,欲人之勉其實也。○謝氏曰:「文雖聖人無不與人同,故不遜;能躬行君子,斯可以入聖,故不居。猶言『君子道者三,我無能焉』。」
子曰:「若聖與,則吾豈敢?抑為之不厭,誨人不倦,則可謂云爾已矣。」公西華曰:「正唯弟子不能學也。」
The Master said, “The sage and the man of perfect virtue;—how dare I rank myself with them? It may simply be said of me, that I strive to become such without satiety, and teach others without weariness.” Kung-hsî Hwâ said, “This is just what we, the disciples, cannot imitate you in.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
此亦夫子之謙辭也。聖者,大而化之。仁,則心德之全而人道之備也。為之,謂為仁聖之道。誨人,亦謂以此教人也。然不厭不倦,非己有之則不能,所以弟子不能學也。○晁氏曰:「當時有稱夫子聖且仁者,以故夫子辭之。苟辭之而已焉,則無以進天下之材,率天下之善;將使聖與仁為虛器,而人終莫能至矣。故夫子雖不居仁聖,而必以為之不厭、誨人不倦自處也。」可謂云爾已矣者,無他之辭也。公西華仰而歎之,其亦深知夫子之意矣。
子疾病,子路請禱。子曰:「有諸?」子路對曰:「有之。誄曰:『禱爾於上下神祇。』」子曰:「丘之禱久矣。」
The Master being very sick, Tsze-lû asked leave to pray for him. He said, “May such a thing be done?” Tsze-lû replied, “It may. In the Eulogies it is said, ‘Prayer has been made for thee to the spirits of the upper and lower worlds.’ ” The Master said, “My praying has been for a long time.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
誄,力軌反。○禱,謂禱於鬼神。有諸,問有此理否。誄者,哀死而述其行之辭也。上下,謂天地。天曰神,地曰祇。禱者,悔過遷善,以祈神之佑也。無其理則不必禱,既曰有之,則聖人未嘗有過,無善可遷。其素行固已合於神明,故曰:「丘之禱久矣。」又士喪禮,疾病行禱五祀。蓋臣子迫切之至情,有不能自已者,初不請於病者而後禱也。故孔子之於子路,不直拒之,而但告以無所事禱之意。
子曰:「奢則不孫,儉則固。與其不孫也,寧固。」
The Master said, “Extravagance leads to insubordination, and parsimony to meanness. It is better to be mean than to be insubordinate.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
孫,去聲。○孫,順也。固,陋也。奢儉俱失中,而奢之害大。○晁氏曰:「不得已而救時之弊也。」
子曰:「坦蕩蕩,小人長戚戚。」
The Master said, “The superior man is satisfied and composed; the mean man is always full of distress.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
坦,平也。蕩蕩,寬廣貌。○程子曰:「君子循理,故常舒泰;小人役於物,故多憂戚。」程子曰:「君子坦蕩蕩,心廣體胖。」
子溫而厲,威而不猛,恭而安。
The Master was mild, and yet dignified; majestic, and yet not fierce; respectful, and yet easy.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
厲,嚴肅也。人之德性本無不備,而氣質所賦,鮮有不偏。惟聖人全體渾然,陰陽合德;故其中和之氣,見於容貌之間者如此。門人熟察而詳記之,亦可見其用心之密矣。抑非知足以知聖人而善言德行者不能也。故程子以為曾子之言。學者所宜反覆而玩心也。