The Analects
顏淵 第十二 Book Twelve · Yán Yuān
顏淵問。子曰:「克己復為。一日克己復,天下歸焉。為由己,而由人乎哉?」顏淵曰:「請問其目。」子曰:「非勿視,非勿聽,非勿言,非勿動。」顏淵曰:「回雖不敏,請事斯語矣。」
Yen Yüan asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, “To subdue one’s self and return to propriety, is perfect virtue. If a man can for one day subdue himself and return to propriety, all under heaven will ascribe perfect virtue to him. Is the practice of perfect virtue from a man himself, or is it from others?”
Yen Yüan said, “I beg to ask the steps of that process.” The Master replied, “Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety.” Yen Yüan then said, “Though I am deficient in intelligence and vigour, I will make it my business to practise this lesson.”
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顏淵問仁。子曰:「克己復禮為仁。一日克己復禮,天下歸仁焉。為仁由己,而由人乎哉?」 仁者,本心之全德。克,勝也。己,謂身之私慾也。復,反也。禮者,天理之節文也。為仁者,所以全其心之德也。蓋心之全德,莫非天理,而亦不能不壞於人欲。故為仁者必有以勝私慾而復於禮,則事皆天理,而本心之德復全於我矣。歸,猶與也。又言一日克己復禮,則天下之人皆與其仁,極言其效之甚速而至大也。又言為仁由己而非他人所能預,又見其機之在我而無難也。日日克之,不以為難,則私慾淨盡,天理流行,而仁不可勝用矣。○程子曰:「非禮處便是私意。既是私意,如何得仁?須是克盡己私,皆歸於禮,方始是仁。」又曰:「克己復禮,則事事皆仁,故曰天下歸仁。」謝氏曰:「克己須從性偏難克處克將去。」
顏淵曰:「請問其目。」子曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」顏淵曰:「回雖不敏,請事斯語矣。」 目,條件也。顏淵聞夫子之言,則於天理人欲之際,已判然矣,故不復有所疑問,而直請其條目也。非禮者,己之私也。勿者,禁止之辭。是人心之所以為主,而勝私復禮之機也。私勝,則動容周旋無不中禮,而日用之間,莫非天理之流行矣。事,如事事之事。請事斯語,顏子默識其理,又自知其力有以勝之,故直以為己任而不疑也。○程子曰:「顏淵問克己復禮之目,子曰:『非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。』四者身之用也。由乎中而應乎外,制於外所以養其中也。顏淵事斯語,所以進於聖人。後之學聖人者,宜服膺而勿失也,因箴以自警。其視箴曰:『心兮本虛,應物無跡。操之有要,視為之則。蔽交於前,其中則遷。制之於外,以安其內。克己復禮,久而誠矣。』其聽箴曰:『人有秉彝,本乎天性。知誘物化,遂亡其正。卓彼先覺,知止有定。閒邪存誠,非禮勿聽。』其言箴曰:『人心之動,因言以宣。發禁躁妄,內斯靜專。矧是樞機,興戎出好,吉兇榮辱,惟其所召。傷易則誕,傷煩則支,己肆物忤,出悖來違。非法不道,欽哉訓辭!』其動箴曰:『哲人知幾,誠之于思;志士勵行,守之於為。順理則裕,從欲惟危;造次克念,戰兢自持。習與性成,聖賢同歸。』」愚按:此章問答,乃傳授心法切要之言。非至明不能察其幾,非至健不能致其決。故惟顏子得聞之,而凡學者亦不可以不勉也。程子之箴,發明親切,學者尤宜深玩。
仲弓問。子曰:「出門如見大賓,使民如承大祭。己所不欲,勿施於人。在邦無怨,在家無怨。」仲弓曰:「雍雖不敏,請事斯語矣。」
Chung-kung asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, “It is, when you go abroad, to behave to everyone as if you were receiving a great guest; to employ the people as if you were assisting at a great sacrifice; not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself; to have no murmuring against you in the country, and none in the family.” Chung-kung said, “Though I am deficient in intelligence and vigour, I will make it my business to practise this lesson.”
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敬以持己,恕以及物,則私意無所容而心德全矣。內外無怨,亦以其效言之,使以自考也。○程子曰:「孔子言仁,只說出門如見大賓,使民如承大祭。看其氣象,便須心廣體胖,動容周旋中禮。惟謹獨,便是守之之法。」或問:「出門使民之時,如此可也;未出門使民之時,如之何?」曰:「此儼若思時也,有諸中而後見於外。觀其出門使民之時,其敬如此,則前乎此者敬可知矣。非因出門使民,然後有此敬也。」愚按:克己復禮,乾道也;主敬行恕,坤道也。顏、冉之學,其高下淺深,於此可見。然學者誠能從事於敬恕之間而有得焉,亦將無己之可克矣。
司馬牛問。子曰:「者其言也訒。」曰:「其言也訒,斯謂之已乎?」子曰:「為之難,言之得無訒乎?」
Sze-mâ Niû asked about perfect virtue.
The Master said, “The man of perfect virtue is cautious and slow in his speech.”
“Cautious and slow in his speech!” said Niû;—“is this what is meant by perfect virtue?” The Master said, “When a man feels the difficulty of doing, can he be other than cautious and slow in speaking?”
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司馬牛問仁。 司馬牛,孔子弟子,名犁,向魋之弟。
子曰:「仁者其言也訒。」 訒,音刃。○訒,忍也,難也。仁者心存而不放,故其言若有所忍而不易發,蓋其德之一端也。夫子以牛多言而躁,故告之以此。使其於此而謹之,則所以為仁之方,不外是矣。
曰:「其言也訒,斯謂之仁已乎?」子曰:「為之難,言之得無訒乎?」 牛意仁道至大,不但如夫子之所言,故夫子又告之以此。蓋心常存,故事不苟,事不苟,故其言自有不得而易者,非強閉之而不出也。○楊氏曰:「觀此及下章再問之語,牛之易其言可知。」程子曰:「雖為司馬牛多言故及此,然聖人之言,亦止此為是。」愚謂牛之為人如此,若不告之以其病之所切,而泛以為仁之大概語之,則以彼之躁,必不能深思以去其病,而終無自以入德矣。故其告之如此。蓋聖人之言,雖有高下大小之不同,然其切於學者之身,而皆為入德之要,則又初不異也。讀者其致思焉。
司馬牛問。子曰:「不憂不懼。」曰:「不憂不懼,斯謂之已乎?」子曰:「內省不疚,夫何憂何懼?」
Sze-mâ Niû asked about the superior man. The Master said, “The superior man has neither anxiety nor fear.”
“Being without anxiety or fear!” said Nui;—“does this constitute what we call the superior man?”
The Master said, “When internal examination discovers nothing wrong, what is there to be anxious about, what is there to fear?”
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司馬牛問君子。子曰:「君子不憂不懼。」 向魋作亂,牛常憂懼。故夫子告之以此。
曰:「不憂不懼,斯謂之君子已乎?」子曰:「內省不疚,夫何憂何懼?」 夫,音扶。○牛之再問,猶前章之意,故復告之以此。疚,病也。言由其平日所為無愧於心,故能內省不疚,而自無憂懼,未可遽以為易而忽之也。○晁氏曰:「不憂不懼,由乎德全而無疵。故無入而不自得,非實有憂懼而強排遣之也。」
司馬牛憂曰:「人皆有兄弟,我獨亡。」子夏曰:「商聞之矣:死生有命,富貴在。敬而無失,與人恭而有。四海之內,皆兄弟也。何患乎無兄弟也?」
Sze-mâ Niû, full of anxiety, said, “Other men all have their brothers, I only have not.”
Tsze-hsîâ said to him, “There is the following saying which I have heard:—
“ ‘Death and life have their determined appointment; riches and honours depend upon Heaven.’
“Let the superior man never fail reverentially to order his own conduct, and let him be respectful to others and observant of propriety:—then all within the four seas will be his brothers. What has the superior man to do with being distressed because he has no brothers?”
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司馬牛憂曰:「人皆有兄弟,我獨亡。」 牛有兄弟而云然者,憂其為亂而將死也。
子夏曰:「商聞之矣: 蓋聞之夫子。
死生有命,富貴在天。 命稟於有生之初,非今所能移;天莫之為而為,非我所能必,但當順受而已。
君子敬而無失,與人恭而有禮。四海之內,皆兄弟也。君子何患乎無兄弟也?」 既安於命,又當修其在己者。故又言苟能持己以敬而不間斷,接人以恭而有節文,則天下之人皆愛敬之,如兄弟矣。蓋子夏欲以寬牛之憂,故為是不得已之辭,讀者不以辭害意可也。○胡氏曰:「子夏四海皆兄弟之言,特以廣司馬牛之意,意圓而語滯者也,惟聖人則無此病矣。且子夏知此而以哭子喪明,則以蔽於愛而昧於理,是以不能踐其言爾。」
子張問明。子曰:「浸潤之譖,膚受之愬,不行焉;可謂明也已矣。浸潤之譖,膚受之愬,不行焉;可謂遠也已矣。」
Tsze-chang asked what constituted intelligence. The Master said, “He with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind, nor statements that startle like a wound in the flesh, are successful, may be called intelligent indeed. Yea, he with whom neither soaking slander, nor startling statements, are successful, may be called farseeing.”
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譖,莊蔭反。愬,蘇路反。○浸潤,如水之浸灌滋潤,漸漬而不驟也。譖,毀人之行也。膚受,謂肌膚所受,利害切身。如易所謂「剝床以膚,切近災」者也。愬,愬己之冤也。毀人者漸漬而不驟,則聽者不覺其入,而信之深矣。愬冤者急迫而切身,則聽者不及致詳,而發之暴矣。二者難察而能察之,則可見其心之明,而不蔽於近矣。此亦必因子張之失而告之,故其辭繁而不殺,以致丁寧之意云。○楊氏曰:「驟而語之,與利害不切於身者,不行焉,有不待明者能之也。故浸潤之譖、膚受之愬不行,然後謂之明,而又謂之遠。遠則明之至也。書曰:『視遠惟明。』」
子貢問政。子曰:「足食。足兵。民之矣。」子貢曰:「必不得已而去,於斯三者何先?」曰:「去兵。」子貢曰:「必不得已而去,於斯二者何先?」曰:「去食。自古皆有死,民無不立。」
Tsze-kung asked about government. The Master said, “The requisites of government are that there be sufficiency of food, sufficiency of military equipment, and the confidence of the people in their ruler.”
Tsze-kung said, “If it cannot be helped, and one of these must be dispensed with, which of the three should be foregone first?” “The military equipment,” said the Master.
Tsze-kung again asked, “If it cannot be helped, and one of the remaining two must be dispensed with, which of them should be foregone?” The Master answered, “Part with the food. From of old, death has been the lot of all men; but if the people have no faith in their rulers, there is no standing for the state.”
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子貢問政。子曰:「足食。足兵。民信之矣。」 言倉廩實而武備修,然後教化行,而民信於我,不離叛也。
子貢曰:「必不得已而去,於斯三者何先?」曰:「去兵。」 去,上聲,下同。○言食足而信孚,則無兵而守固矣。
子貢曰:「必不得已而去,於斯二者何先?」曰:「去食。自古皆有死,民無信不立。」 民無食必死,然死者人之所必不免。無信則雖生而無以自立,不若死之為安。故寧死而不失信於民,使民亦寧死而不失信於我也。○程子曰:「孔門弟子善問,直窮到底,如此章者。非子貢不能問,非聖人不能答也。」愚謂以人情而言,則兵食足而後吾之信可以孚於民。以民德而言,則信本人之所固有,非兵食所得而先也。是以為政者,當身率其民而以死守之,不以危急而可棄也。
棘子成曰:「質而已矣,何以文為?」子貢曰:「惜乎!夫子之說,也。駟不及舌。文猶質也,質猶文也。虎豹之鞹猶犬羊之鞹。」
Chî Tsze-ch’ǎng said, “In a superior man it is only the substantial qualities which are wanted;—why should we seek for ornamental accomplishments?”
Tsze-kung said, “Alas! Your words, sir, show you to be a superior man, but four horses cannot overtake the tongue. Ornament is as substance; substance is as ornament. The hide of a tiger or a leopard stripped of its hair, is like the hide of a dog or a goat stripped of its hair.”
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棘子成曰:「君子質而已矣,何以文為?」 棘子成,衛大夫。疾時人文勝,故為此言。
子貢曰:「惜乎!夫子之說,君子也。駟不及舌。 言子成之言,乃君子之意。然言出於舌,則駟馬不能追之,又惜其失言也。
文猶質也,質猶文也。虎豹之鞹猶犬羊之鞹。」 鞹,其郭反。鞹,皮去毛者也。言文質等耳,不可相無。若必盡去其文而獨存其質,則君子小人無以辨矣。夫棘子成矯當時之弊,固失之過;而子貢矯子成之弊,又無本末輕重之差,胥失之矣。
哀公問於有若曰:「年饑,用不足,如之何?」有若對曰:「盍徹乎?」曰:「二,吾猶不足,如之何其徹也?」對曰:「百姓足,君孰與不足?百姓不足,君孰與足?」
The Duke Âi inquired of Yû Zo, saying, “The year is one of scarcity, and the returns for expenditure are not sufficient;—what is to be done?”
Yû Zo replied to him, “Why not simply tithe the people?”
“With two tenths,” said the duke, “I find it not enough;—how could I do with that system of one tenth?”
Yû Zo answered, “If the people have plenty, their prince will not be left to want alone. If the people are in want, their prince cannot enjoy plenty alone.”
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哀公問於有若曰:「年饑,用不足,如之何?」 稱有若者,君臣之辭。用,謂國用。公意蓋欲加賦以足用也。
有若對曰:「盍徹乎?」 徹,通也,均也。周制:一夫受田百畝,而與同溝共井之人通力合作,計畝均收。大率民得其九,公取其一,故謂之徹。魯自宣公稅畝,又逐畝什取其一,則為什而取二矣。故有若請但專行徹法,欲公節用以厚民也。
曰:「二,吾猶不足,如之何其徹也?」 二,即所謂什二也。公以有若不喻其旨,故言此以示加賦之意。
對曰:「百姓足,君孰與不足?百姓不足,君孰與足?」 民富,則君不至獨貧;民貧,則君不能獨富。有若深言君民一體之意,以止公之厚斂,為人上者所宜深念也。○楊氏曰:「仁政必自經界始。經界正,而後井地均、谷祿平,而軍國之需皆量是以為出焉。故一徹而百度舉矣,上下寧憂不足乎?以二猶不足而教之徹,疑若迂矣。然什一,天下之中正。多則桀,寡則貉,不可改也。後世不究其本而惟末之圖,故征斂無藝,費出無經,而上下困矣。又惡知盍徹之當務而不為迂乎?
子張問崇德、辨惑。子曰:「主忠,徙,崇德也。愛之欲其生,惡之欲其死。既欲其生,又欲其死,是惑也。『誠不以富,亦祗以異。』」
Tsze-chang having asked how virtue was to be exalted, and delusions to be discovered, the Master said, “Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles, and be moving continually to what is right;—this is the way to exalt one’s virtue.
“You love a man and wish him to live; you hate him and wish him to die. Having wished him to live, you also wish him to die. This is a case of delusion.
“ ‘It may not be on account of her being rich, yet you come to make a difference.’ ”
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子張問崇德、辨惑。子曰:「主忠信,徙義,崇德也。 主忠信,則本立。徙義,則日新。
愛之欲其生,惡之欲其死。既欲其生,又欲其死,是惑也。 惡,去聲。愛惡,人之常情也。然人之生死有命,非可得而欲也。以愛惡而欲其生死,則惑矣。既欲其生,又欲其死,則惑之甚也。
『誠不以富,亦祗以異。』」 此詩小雅我行其野之辭也。舊說:夫子引之,以明欲其生死者不能使之生死。如此詩所言,不足以致富而適足以取異也。程子曰:「此錯簡,當在第十六篇齊景公有馬千駟之上。因此下文亦有齊景公字而誤也。」楊氏曰:「堂堂乎張也,難與並為仁矣。則非誠善補過不蔽於私者,故告之如此。」
齊景公問政於孔子。孔子對曰:「君君,臣臣,父父,子子。」公曰:「善哉!信如君不君,臣不臣,父不父,子不子,雖有粟,吾得而食諸?」
The Duke Ching, of Ch’î, asked Confucius about government.
Confucius replied, “There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son.”
“Good!” said the duke; “if, indeed, the prince be not prince, the minister not minister, the father not father, and the son not son, although I have my revenue, can I enjoy it?”
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齊景公問政於孔子。 齊景公,名杵臼。魯昭公末年,孔子適齊。
孔子對曰:「君君,臣臣,父父,子子。」 此人道之大經,政事之根本也。是時景公失政,而大夫陳氏厚施於國。景公又多內嬖,而不立太子。其君臣父子之間,皆失其道,故夫子告之以此。
公曰:「善哉!信如君不君,臣不臣,父不父,子不子,雖有粟,吾得而食諸?」 景公善孔子之言而不能用,其後果以繼嗣不定,啟陳氏弒君篡國之禍。楊氏曰:「君之所以君,臣之所以臣,父之所以父,子之所以子,是必有道矣。景公知善夫子之言,而不知反求其所以然,蓋悅而不繹者。齊之所以卒於亂也。」
子曰:「片言可以折獄者,其由也與?」子路無宿諾。
The Master said, “Ah! it is Yû, who could with half a word settle litigations!”
Tsze-lû never slept over a promise.
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子曰:「片言可以折獄者,其由也與?」 折,之舌反。與,平聲。○片言,半言。折,斷也。子路忠信明決,故言出而人信服之,不待其辭之畢也。
子路無宿諾。 宿,留也,猶宿怨之宿。急於踐言,不留其諾也。記者因夫子之言而記此,以見子路之所以取信於人者,由其養之有素也。尹氏曰:「小邾射以句繹奔魯,曰:『使季路要我,吾無盟矣。』千乘之國,不信其盟,而信子路之一言,其見信於人可知矣。一言而折獄者,信在言前,人自信之故也。不留諾,所以全其信也。」
子曰:「聽訟,吾猶人也,必也使無訟乎!」
The Master said, “In hearing litigations, I am like any other body. What is necessary, however, is to cause the people to have no litigations.”
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范氏曰:「聽訟者,治其末,塞其流也。正其本,清其源,則無訟矣。」楊氏曰:「子路片言可以折獄,而不知以禮遜為國,則未能使民無訟者也。故又記孔子之言,以見聖人不以聽訟為難,而以使民無訟為貴。」
子張問政。子曰:「居之無倦,行之以忠。」
Tsze-chang asked about government. The Master said, “The art of governing is to keep its affairs before the mind without weariness, and to practise them with undeviating consistency.”
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居,謂存諸心。無倦,則始終如一。行,謂發於事。以忠,則表裡如一。程子曰:「子張少仁。無誠心愛民,則必倦而不盡心,故告之以此。」
子曰:「博學於文,約之以,亦可以弗畔矣夫!」
The Master said, “By extensively studying all learning, and keeping himself under the restraint of the rules of propriety, one may thus likewise not err from what is right.”
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重出。
子曰:「成人之美,不成人之惡。小人反是。」
The Master said, “The superior man seeks to perfect the admirable qualities of men, and does not seek to perfect their bad qualities. The mean man does the opposite of this.”
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成者,誘掖獎勸以成其事也。君子小人,所存既有厚薄之殊,而其所好又有善惡之異。故其用心不同如此。
季康子問政於孔子。孔子對曰:「政者,正也。子帥以正,孰敢不正?」
Chî K’ang asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, “To govern means to rectify. If you lead on the people with correctness, who will dare not to be correct?”
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范氏曰:「未有己不正而能正人者。」胡氏曰:「魯自中葉,政由大夫,家臣傚尤,據邑背叛,不正甚矣。故孔子以是告之,欲康子以正自克,而改三家之故。惜乎康子之溺於利慾而不能也。」
季康子患盜,問於孔子。孔子對曰:「苟子之不欲,雖賞之不竊。」
Chî K’ang, distressed about the number of thieves in the state, inquired of Confucius how to do away with them. Confucius said, “If you, sir, were not covetous, although you should reward them to do it, they would not steal.”
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言子不貪慾,則雖賞民使之為盜,民亦知恥而不竊。胡氏曰:「季氏竊柄,康子奪嫡,民之為盜,固其所也。盍亦反其本耶?孔子以不欲啟之,其旨深矣。」奪嫡事見春秋傳。
季康子問政於孔子曰:「如殺無道,以就有道,何如?」孔子對曰:「子為政,焉用殺?子欲善,而民善矣。之德風,小人之德草。草上之風,必偃。」
Chî K’ang asked Confucius about government, saying, “What do you say to killing the unprincipled for the good of the principled?” Confucius replied, “Sir, in carrying on your government, why should you use killing at all? Let your evinced desires be for what is good, and the people will be good. The relation between superiors and inferiors, is like that between the wind and the grass. The grass must bend, when the wind blows across it.”
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焉,於虔反。為政者,民所視效,何以殺為?欲善則民善矣。上,一作尚,加也。偃,僕也。尹氏曰:「殺之為言,豈為人上之語哉?以身教者從,以言教者訟,而況於殺乎?」
子張問:「士何如斯可謂之達矣?」子曰:「何哉,爾所謂達者?」子張對曰:「在邦必聞,在家必聞。」子曰:「是聞也,非達也。夫達也者,質直而好,察言而觀色,慮以下人。在邦必達,在家必達。夫聞也者,色取而行違,居之不疑。在邦必聞,在家必聞。」
Tsze-chang asked, “What must the officer be, who may be said to be distinguished?”
The Master said, “What is it you call being distinguished?”
Tsze-chang replied, “It is to be heard of through the State, to be heard of throughout his clan.”
The Master said, “That is notoriety, not distinction.
“Now the man of distinction is solid and straightforward, and loves righteousness. He examines people’s words, and looks at their countenances. He is anxious to humble himself to others. Such a man will be distinguished in the country; he will be distinguished in his clan.
“As to the man of notoriety, he assumes the appearance of virtue, but his actions are opposed to it, and he rests in this character without any doubts about himself. Such a man will be heard of in the country; he will be heard of in the clan.”
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子張問:「士何如斯可謂之達矣?」 達者,德孚於人而行無不得之謂。
子曰:「何哉,爾所謂達者?」 子張務外,夫子蓋已知其發問之意。故反詰之,將以發其病而藥之也。
子張對曰:「在邦必聞,在家必聞。」 言名譽著聞也。
子曰:「是聞也,非達也。 聞與達相似而不同,乃誠偽之所以分,學者不可不審也。故夫子既明辨之,下文又詳言之。
夫達也者,質直而好義,察言而觀色,慮以下人。在邦必達,在家必達。 夫,音扶,下同。好、下,皆去聲。○內主忠信。而所行合宜,審於接物而卑以自牧,皆自修於內,不求人知之事。然德修於己而人信之,則所行自無窒礙矣。
夫聞也者,色取仁而行違,居之不疑。在邦必聞,在家必聞。」 行,去聲。○善其顏色以取於仁,而行實背之,又自以為是而無所忌憚。此不務實而專務求名者,故虛譽雖隆而實德則病矣。○程子曰:「學者須是務實,不要近名。有意近名,大本已失。更學何事?為名而學,則是偽也。今之學者,大抵為名。為名與為利雖清濁不同,然其利心則一也。」尹氏曰:「子張之學,病在乎不務實。故孔子告之,皆篤實之事,充乎內而發乎外者也。當時門人親受聖人之教,而差失有如此者,況後世乎?」
樊遲從遊於舞雩之下,曰:「敢問崇德、脩慝、辨惑。」子曰:「善哉問!先事後得,非崇德與?攻其惡,無攻人之惡,非脩慝與?一朝之忿,忘其身,以及其親,非惑與?」
Fan Ch’ih rambling with the Master under the trees about the rain altars, said, “I venture to ask how to exalt virtue, to correct cherished evil, and to discover delusions.”
The Master said, “Truly a good question!
“If doing what is to be done be made the first business, and success a secondary consideration;—is not this the way to exalt virtue? To assail one’s own wickedness and not assail that of others;—is not this the way to correct cherished evil? For a morning’s anger to disregard one’s own life, and involve that of his parents;—is not this a case of delusion?”
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樊遲從遊於舞雩之下,曰:「敢問崇德、脩慝、辨惑。」 慝,吐得反。○胡氏曰:「慝之字從心從匿,蓋惡之匿於心者。脩者,治而去之。」
子曰:「善哉問! 善其切於為己。
先事後得,非崇德與?攻其惡,無攻人之惡,非脩慝與?一朝之忿,忘其身,以及其親,非惑與?」 與,平聲。先事後得,猶言先難後獲也。為所當為而不計其功,則德日積而不自知矣。專於治己而不責人,則己之惡無所匿矣。知一朝之忿為甚微,而禍及其親為甚大,則有以辨惑而懲其忿矣。樊遲麤鄙近利,故告之以此,三者皆所以救其失也。范氏曰:「先事後得,上義而下利也。人惟有利慾之心,故德不崇。惟不自省己過而知人之過,故慝不脩。感物而易動者莫如忿,忘其身以及其親,惑之甚者也。惑之甚者必起於細微,能辨之於早,則不至於大惑矣。故懲忿所以辨惑也。」
樊遲問。子曰:「愛人。」問。子曰:「知人。」樊遲未達。子曰:「舉直錯諸枉,能使枉者直。」樊遲退,見子夏。曰:「鄉也,吾見於夫子而問,子曰:『舉直錯諸枉,能使枉者直。』何謂也?」子夏曰:「富哉言乎!舜有天下,選於眾,舉皋陶,不者遠矣。湯有天下,選於眾,舉伊尹,不者遠矣。」
Fan Ch’ih asked about benevolence. The Master said, “It is to love all men.” He asked about knowledge. The Master said, “It is to know all men.”
Fan Ch’ih did not immediately understand these answers.
The Master said, “Employ the upright and put aside all the crooked;—in this way the crooked can be made to be upright.”
Fan Ch’ih retired, and, seeing Tsze-hsîâ, he said to him, “A little while ago, I had an interview with our Master, and asked him about knowledge. He said, ‘Employ the upright, and put aside all the crooked;—in this way, the crooked will be made to be upright.’ What did he mean?”
Tsze-hsîâ said, “Truly rich is his saying!
“Shun, being in possession of the kingdom, selected from among all the people, and employed Kâo-yâo, on which all who were devoid of virtue disappeared. T’ang, being in possession of the kingdom, selected from among all the people, and employed Î Yin, and all who were devoid of virtue disappeared.”
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樊遲問仁。子曰:「愛人。」問知。子曰:「知人。」 上知,去聲,下如字。愛人,仁之施。知人,知之務。
樊遲未達。 曾氏曰:「遲之意,蓋以愛慾其周,而知有所擇,故疑二者之相悖爾。」
子曰:「舉直錯諸枉,能使枉者直。」 舉直錯枉者,知也。使枉者直,則仁矣。如此,則二者不惟不相悖而反相為用矣。
樊遲退,見子夏。曰:「鄉也,吾見於夫子而問知,子曰:『舉直錯諸枉,能使枉者直。』何謂也?」 鄉,去聲。見,賢遍反。○遲以夫子之言,專為知者之事。又未達所以能使枉者直之理。
子夏曰:「富哉言乎! 歎其所包者廣,不止言知。
舜有天下,選於眾,舉皋陶,不仁者遠矣。湯有天下,選於眾,舉伊尹,不仁者遠矣。」 選,息戀反。陶,音遙。遠,如字。○伊尹,湯之相也。不仁者遠,言人皆化而為仁,不見有不仁者,若其遠去爾,所謂使枉者直也。子夏蓋有以知夫子之兼仁知而言矣。○程子曰:「聖人之語,因人而變化。雖若有淺近者,而其包含無所不盡,觀於此章可見矣。非若他人之言,語近則遺遠,語遠則不知近也。」尹氏曰:「學者之問也,不獨欲聞其說,又必欲知其方;不獨欲知其方,又必欲為其事。如樊遲之問仁知也,夫子告之盡矣。樊遲未達,故又問焉,而猶未知其何以為之也。及退而問諸子夏,然後有以知之。使其未喻,則必將復問矣。既問於師,又辨諸友,當時學者之務實也如是。」
子貢問友。子曰:「忠告而善道之,不可則止,無自辱焉。」
Tsze-kung asked about friendship. The Master said, “Faithfully admonish your friend, and skillfully lead him on. If you find him impracticable, stop. Do not disgrace yourself.”
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告,工毒反。道,去聲。○友所以輔仁,故盡其心以告之,善其說以道之。然以義合者也,故不可則止。若以數而見疏,則自辱矣。
曾子曰:「以文會友,以友輔。」
The philosopher Tsǎng said, “The superior man on grounds of culture meets with his friends, and by their friendship helps his virtue.”
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講學以會友,則道益明;取善以輔仁,則德日進。