The Analects
泰伯 第八 Book Eight · Tài Bó
子曰:「泰伯,其可謂至德也已矣!三以天下讓,民無得而稱焉。」
The Master said, “T’âi-po may be said to have reached the highest point of virtuous action. Thrice he declined the kingdom, and the people in ignorance of his motives could not express their approbation of his conduct.”
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泰伯,周大王之長子。至德,謂德之至極,無以復加者也。三讓,謂固遜也。無得而稱,其遜隱微,無跡可見也。蓋大王三子:長泰伯,次仲雍,次季歷。大王之時,商道寖衰,而周日強大。季歷又生子昌,有聖德。大王因有翦商之志,而泰伯不從,大王遂欲傳位季歷以及昌。泰伯知之,即與仲雍逃之荊蠻。於是大王乃立季歷,傳國至昌,而三分天下有其二,是為文王。文王崩,子發立,遂克商而有天下,是為武王。夫以泰伯之德,當商周之際,固足以朝諸侯有天下矣。乃棄不取而又泯其跡焉,則其德之至極為何如哉?蓋其心即夷齊扣馬之心,而事之難處有甚焉者,宜夫子之歎息而讚美之也。泰伯不從,事見《春秋傳》。
子曰:「恭而無則勞,慎而無則葸,勇而無則亂,直而無則絞。篤於親,則民興於;故舊不遺,則民不偷。」
The Master said, “Respectfulness, without the rules of propriety, becomes laborious bustle; carefulness, without the rules of propriety, becomes timidity; boldness, without the rules of propriety, becomes insubordination; straightforwardness, without the rules of propriety, becomes rudeness.
“When those who are in high stations perform well all their duties to their relations, the people are aroused to virtue. When old friends are not neglected by them, the people are preserved from meanness.”
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子曰:「恭而無禮則勞,慎而無禮則葸,勇而無禮則亂,直而無禮則絞。 葸,絲裡反。絞,古卯反。○葸,畏懼貌。絞,急切也。無禮則無節文,故有四者之弊。
君子篤於親,則民興於仁;故舊不遺,則民不偷。」 君子,謂在上之人也。興,起也。偷,薄也。○張子曰:「人道知所先後,則恭不勞、慎不葸、勇不亂、直不絞,民化而德厚矣。」○吳氏曰:「君子以下,當自為一章,乃曾子之言也。」愚按:此一節與上文不相蒙,而與首篇慎終追遠之意相類,吳說近是。
曾子有疾,召門弟子曰:「啟予足!啟予手!詩云『戰戰兢兢,如臨深淵,如履薄冰。』而今而後,吾知免夫!小子!」
The philosopher Tsǎng being ill, he called to him the disciples of his school, and said, “Uncover my feet, uncover my hands. It is said in the Book of Poetry, ‘We should be apprehensive and cautious, as if on the brink of a deep gulf, as if treading on thin ice,’ and so have I been. Now and hereafter, I know my escape from all injury to my person, O ye, my little children.”
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夫,音扶。○啟,開也。曾子平日以為身體受於父母,不敢毀傷,故於此使弟子開其衾而視之。《詩》《小旻》之篇。戰戰,恐懼。兢兢,戒謹。臨淵,恐墜;履冰,恐陷也。曾子以其所保之全示門人,而言其所以保之之難如此;至於將死,而後知其得免於毀傷也。小子,門人也。語畢而又呼之,以致反覆丁寧之意,其警之也深矣。○程子曰:「君子曰終,小人曰死。君子保其身以沒,為終其事也,故曾子以全歸為免矣。」尹氏曰:「父母全而生之,子全而歸之。曾子臨終而啟手足,為是故也。非有得於道,能如是乎?」范氏曰:「身體猶不可虧也,況虧其行以辱其親乎?」
曾子有疾,孟敬子問之。曾子言曰:「鳥之將死,其鳴也哀;人之將死,其言也善。所貴乎道者三:動容貌,斯遠暴慢矣;正顏色,斯近矣;出辭氣,斯遠鄙倍矣。籩豆之事,則有司存。」
The philosopher Tsǎng being ill, Mǎng Chǎng went to ask how he was.
Tsǎng said to him, “When a bird is about to die, its notes are mournful; when a man is about to die, his words are good.
“There are three principles of conduct which the man of high rank should consider specially important:—that in his deportment and manner he keep from violence and heedlessness; that in regulating his countenance he keep near to sincerity; and that in his words and tones he keep far from lowness and impropriety. As to such matters as attending to the sacrificial vessels, there are the proper officers for them.”
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曾子有疾,孟敬子問之。 孟敬子,魯大夫仲孫氏,名捷。問之者,問其疾也。
曾子言曰:「鳥之將死,其鳴也哀;人之將死,其言也善。 言,自言也。鳥畏死,故鳴哀。人窮反本,故言善。此曾子之謙辭,欲敬子知其所言之善而識之也。
君子所貴乎道者三:動容貌,斯遠暴慢矣;正顏色,斯近信矣;出辭氣,斯遠鄙倍矣。籩豆之事,則有司存。」 遠、近,並去聲。○貴,猶重也。容貌,舉一身而言。暴,粗厲也。慢,放肆也。信,實也。正顏色而近信,則非色莊也。辭,言語。氣,聲氣也。鄙,凡陋也。倍,與背同,謂背理也。籩,竹豆。豆,木豆。言道雖無所不在,然君子所重者,在此三事而已。是皆修身之要、為政之本,學者所當操存省察,而不可有造次顛沛之違者也。若夫籩豆之事,器數之末,道之全體固無不該;然其分則有司之守,而非君子之所重矣。○程子曰:「動容貌,舉一身而言也;周旋中禮,暴慢斯遠矣。正顏色則不妄,斯近信矣。出辭氣,正由中出,斯遠鄙倍。三者正身而不外求,故曰籩豆之事則有司存。」尹氏曰:「養於中則見於外,曾子蓋以修己為為政之本。若乃器用事物之細,則有司存焉。」
曾子曰:「以能問於不能,以多問於寡;有若無,實若虛;犯而不校。昔者吾友嘗從事於斯矣。」
The philosopher Tsǎng said, “Gifted with ability, and yet putting questions to those who were not so; possessed of much, and yet putting questions to those possessed of little; having, as though he had not; full, and yet counting himself as empty; offended against, and yet entering into no altercation; formerly I had a friend who pursued this style of conduct.”
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校,計校也。友,馬氏以為顏淵是也。顏子之心,惟知義理之無窮,不見物我之有間,故能如此。○謝氏曰:「不知有餘在己,不足在人;不必得為在己,失為在人;非幾於無我者不能也。」
曾子曰:「可以託六尺之孤,可以寄百里之命,臨大節而不可奪也。人與?人也。」
The philosopher Tsǎng said, “Suppose that there is an individual who can be entrusted with the charge of a young orphan prince, and can be commissioned with authority over a state of a hundred li, and whom no emergency however great can drive from his principles:—is such a man a superior man? He is a superior man indeed.”
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與,平聲。○其才可以輔幼君、攝國政,其節至於死生之際而不可奪,可謂君子矣。與,疑辭。也,決辭。設為問答,所以深著其必然也。○程子曰:「節操如是,可謂君子矣。」
曾子曰:「士不可以不弘毅,任重而道遠。以為己任,不亦重乎?死而後已,不亦遠乎?」
The philosopher Tsǎng said, “The officer may not be without breadth of mind and vigorous endurance. His burden is heavy and his course is long.
“Perfect virtue is the burden which he considers it is his to sustain;—is it not heavy? Only with death does his course stop;—is it not long?”
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曾子曰:「士不可以不弘毅,任重而道遠。 弘,寬廣也。毅,強忍也。非弘不能勝其重,非毅無以致其遠。
仁以為己任,不亦重乎?死而後已,不亦遠乎?」 仁者,人心之全德,而必欲以身體而力行之,可謂重矣。一息尚存,此志不容少懈,可謂遠矣。○程子曰:「弘而不毅,則無規矩而難立;毅而不弘,則隘陋而無以居之。」又曰:「弘大剛毅,然後能勝重任而遠到。」
子曰:「興於詩,立於。成於樂。
The Master said, “It is by the Odes that the mind is aroused.
“It is by the Rules of Propriety that the character is established.
“It is from Music that the finish is received.”
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子曰:「興於詩, 興,起也。詩本性情,有邪有正,其為言既易知。而吟詠之間,抑揚反覆,其感人又易入。故學者之初,所以興起其好善惡惡之心,而不能自已者,必於此而得之。
立於禮。 禮以恭敬辭遜為本,而有節文度數之詳;可以固人肌膚之會,筋骸之束。故學者之中,所以能卓然自立,而不為事物之所搖奪者,必於此而得之。
成於樂。 樂有五聲十二律,更唱迭和,以為歌舞八音之節;可以養人之性情,而蕩滌其邪穢,消融其查滓。故學者之終,所以至於義精仁熟,而自和順於道德者,必於此而得之,是學之成也。」按《內則》,十年學幼儀,十三學樂誦詩,二十而後學禮。則此三者,非小學傳授之次,乃大學終身所得之難易、先後、淺深也。○程子曰:「天下之英才不為少矣,特以道學不明,故不得有所成就。夫古人之詩,如今之歌曲,雖閭里童稚,皆習聞之而知其說,故能興起。今雖老師宿儒,尚不能曉其義,況學者乎?是不得興於詩也。古人自灑埽應對,以至冠、昏、喪、祭,莫不有禮。今皆廢壞,是以人倫不明、治家無法,是不得立於禮也。古人之樂:聲音所以養其耳,採色所以養其目,歌詠所以養其性情,舞蹈所以養其血脈。今皆無之,是不得成於樂也。是以古之成材也易,今之成材也難。」
子曰:「民可使由之,不可使知之。」
The Master said, “The people may be made to follow a path of action, but they may not be made to understand it.”
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民可使之由於是理之當然,而不能使之知其所以然也。程子曰:「聖人設教,非不欲人家喻而戶曉也,然不能使之知,但能使之由之爾。若曰聖人不使民知,則是後世朝四暮三之術也,豈聖人之心乎?」
子曰:「好勇疾貧,亂也。人而不,疾之已甚,亂也。」
The Master said, “The man who is fond of daring and is dissatisfied with poverty, will proceed to insubordination. So will the man who is not virtuous, when you carry your dislike of him to an extreme.”
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好,去聲。好勇而不安分,則必作亂。惡不仁之人而使之無所容,則必致亂。二者之心,善惡雖殊,然其生亂則一也。
子曰:「如有周公之才之美,使驕且吝,其餘不足觀也已。」
The Master said, “Though a man have abilities as admirable as those of the Duke of Châu, yet if he be proud and niggardly, those other things are really not worth being looked at.”
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才、美,謂智能、技藝之美。驕,矜誇。吝,鄙嗇也。○程子曰:「此甚言驕吝之不可也。蓋有周公之德,則自無驕吝;若但有周公之才而驕吝焉,亦不足觀矣。」又曰:「驕,氣盈。吝,氣歉。」○愚謂驕吝雖有盈歉之殊,然其勢常相因。蓋驕者,吝之枝葉;吝者,驕之本根。故嘗驗之天下之人,未有驕而不吝,吝而不驕者也。
子曰:「三年學,不至於穀,不易得也。」
The Master said, “It is not easy to find a man who has learned for three years without coming to be good.”
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易,去聲。○谷,祿也。至,疑當作志。為學之久,而不求祿,如此之人,不易得也。○楊氏曰:「雖子張之賢,猶以干祿為問,況其下者乎?然則三年學而不至於谷,宜不易得也。」
子曰:「篤好學,守死善道。危邦不入,亂邦不居。天下有道則見,無道則隱。邦有道,貧且賤焉,恥也;邦無道,富且貴焉,恥也。」
The Master said, “With sincere faith he unites the love of learning; holding firm to death, he is perfecting the excellence of his course.
“Such an one will not enter a tottering State, nor dwell in a disorganized one. When right principles of government prevail in the kingdom, he will show himself; when they are prostrated, he will keep concealed.
“When a country is well-governed, poverty and a mean condition are things to be ashamed of. When a country is ill-governed, riches and honour are things to be ashamed of.”
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子曰:「篤信好學,守死善道。 好,去聲。○篤,厚而力也。不篤信,則不能好學;然篤信而不好學,則所信或非其正。不守死,則不能以善其道;然守死而不足以善其道,則亦徒死而已。蓋守死者,篤信之效;善道者,好學之功。
危邦不入,亂邦不居。天下有道則見,無道則隱。 見,賢遍反。○君子見危授命,則仕危邦者無可去之義,在外則不入可也。亂邦未危,而刑政紀綱紊矣,故潔其身而去之。天下,舉一世而言。無道,則隱其身而不見也。此惟篤信好學、守死善道者能之。
邦有道,貧且賤焉,恥也;邦無道,富且貴焉,恥也。」 世治,而無可行之道;世亂,而無能守之節。碌碌庸人,不足以為士矣。可恥之甚也。○晁氏曰:「有學有守,而去就之義潔,出處之分明,然後為君子之全德也。」
子曰:「不在其位,不謀其政。」
The Master said, “He who is not in any particular office, has nothing to do with plans for the administration of its duties.”
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程子曰:「不在其位,則不任其事也。若君大夫問而告者則有矣。」
子曰:「師摯之始,關雎之亂,洋洋乎!盈耳哉。」
The Master said, “When the music master Chih first entered on his office, the finish of the Kwan Tsü was magnificent;—how it filled the ears!”
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摯,音至。雎,七余反。○師摯,魯樂師名摯也。亂,樂之卒章也。《史記》曰:「關雎之亂以為風始。」洋洋,美盛意。孔子自衛反魯而正樂,適師摯在官之初,故樂之美盛如此。
子曰:「狂而不直,侗而不愿,悾悾而不,吾不知之矣。」
The Master said, “Ardent and yet not upright; stupid and yet not attentive; simple and yet not sincere:—such persons I do not understand.”
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侗,音通。悾,音空。○侗,無知貌。愿,謹厚也。悾悾,無能貌。吾不知之者,甚絕之之辭,亦不屑之教誨也。○蘇氏曰:「天之生物,氣質不齊。其中材以下:有是德,則有是病;有是病,必有是德。故馬之蹄嚙者必善走,其不善者必馴。有是病而無是德,則天下之棄才也。」
子曰:「學如不及,猶恐失之。」
The Master said, “Learn as if you could not reach your object, and were always fearing also lest you should lose it.”
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言人之為學,既如有所不及矣,而其心猶竦然,惟恐其或失之。警學者當如是也。○程子曰:「學如不及,猶恐失之,不得放過。纔說姑待明日,便不可也。」
子曰:「巍巍乎!舜禹之有天下也,而不與焉。」
The Master said, “How majestic was the manner in which Shun and Yü held possession of the empire, as if it were nothing to them!”
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與,去聲。○巍巍,高大之貌。不與,猶言不相關,言其不以位為樂也。
子曰:「大哉!堯之為君也。巍巍乎!唯為大,唯堯則之。蕩蕩乎!民無能名焉。巍巍乎!其有成功也。煥乎!其有文章。」
The Master said, “Great indeed was Yâo as a sovereign! How majestic was he! It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yâo corresponded to it. How vast was his virtue! The people could find no name for it.
“How majestic was he in the works which he accomplished! How glorious in the elegant regulations which he instituted!”
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子曰:「大哉!堯之為君也。巍巍乎!唯天為大,唯堯則之。蕩蕩乎!民無能名焉。 唯,猶獨也。則,猶准也。蕩蕩,廣遠之稱也。言物之高大,莫有過於天者,而獨堯之德能與之準。故其德之廣遠,亦如天之不可以言語形容也。
巍巍乎!其有成功也。煥乎!其有文章。」 成功,事業也。煥,光明之貌。文章,禮樂法度也。堯之德不可名,其可見者此爾。○尹氏曰:「天道之大,無為而成。唯堯則之以治天下,故民無得而名焉。所可名者,其功業文章巍然煥然而已。」
舜有臣五人而天下治。武王曰:「予有亂臣十人。」孔子曰:「才難,不其然乎?唐、虞之際,於斯為盛。有婦人焉,九人而已。三分天下有其二,以服事殷。周之德,其可謂至德也已矣。」
Shun had five ministers, and the empire was well-governed.
King Wû said, “I have ten able ministers.”
Confucius said, “Is not the saying that talents are difficult to find, true? Only when the dynasties of T’ang and Yü met, were they more abundant than in this of Châu, yet there was a woman among them. The able ministers were no more than nine men.
“King Wǎn possessed two of the three parts of the empire, and with those he served the dynasty of Yin. The virtue of the house of Châu may be said to have reached the highest point indeed.”
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舜有臣五人而天下治。 治,去聲。五人,禹、稷、契、皋陶、伯益。
武王曰:「予有亂臣十人。」 《書》《泰誓》之辭。馬氏曰:「亂,治也。」十人,謂周公旦、召公奭、太公望、畢公、榮公、太顛、閎夭、散宜生、南宮適,其一人謂文母。劉侍讀以為子無臣母之義,蓋邑姜也。九人治外,邑姜治內。或曰:「亂本作乿,古治字也。」
孔子曰:「才難,不其然乎?唐、虞之際,於斯為盛。有婦人焉,九人而已。 稱孔子者,上系武王君臣之際,記者謹之。才難,蓋古語,而孔子然之也。才者,德之用也。唐虞,堯舜有天下之號。際,交會之間。言周室人才之多,惟唐虞之際,乃盛於此。降自夏商,皆不能及。然猶但有此數人爾,是才之難得也。
三分天下有其二,以服事殷。周之德,其可謂至德也已矣。」 《春秋》傳曰:「文王率商之畔國以事紂。」蓋天下歸文王者六州,荊、梁、雍、豫、徐、揚也。惟青、兗、冀,尚屬紂耳。○范氏曰:「文王之德,足以代商。天與之、人歸之,乃不取而服事焉,所以為至德也。孔子因武王之言而及文王之德,且與泰伯,皆以至德稱之,其指微矣。」○或曰:「宜斷三分以下,別以孔子曰起之,而自為一章。」
子曰:「禹,吾無間然矣。菲飲食,而致乎鬼神;惡衣服,而致美乎黻冕;卑宮室,而盡力乎溝洫。禹,吾無間然矣。」
The Master said, “I can find no flaw in the character of Yü. He used himself coarse food and drink, but displayed the utmost filial piety towards the spirits. His ordinary garments were poor, but he displayed the utmost elegance in his sacrificial cap and apron. He lived in a low mean house, but expended all his strength on the ditches and water-channels. I can find nothing like a flaw in Yü.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
閒,去聲。菲,音匪。黻,音弗。洫,呼域反。○閒,罅隙也,謂指其罅隙而非議之也。菲,薄也。致孝鬼神,謂享祀豐潔。衣服,常服。黻,蔽膝也,以韋為之。冕,冠也。皆祭服也。溝洫,田間水道,以正疆界、備旱潦者也。或豐或儉,各適其宜,所以無罅隙之可議也,故再言以深美之。○楊氏曰:「薄於自奉。而所勤者,民之事;所致飾者,宗廟朝廷之禮。所謂有天下而不與也。夫何間然之有?」