The Analects
子路 第十三 Book Thirteen · Zǐ Lù
子路問政。子曰:「先之,勞之。」請益。曰:「無倦。」
Tsze-lû asked about government. The Master said, “Go before the people with your example, and be laborious in their affairs.”
He requested further instruction, and was answered, “Be not weary (in these things).”
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子路問政。子曰:「先之,勞之。」 勞,如字。○蘇氏曰:「凡民之行,以身先之,則不令而行。凡民之事,以身勞之,則雖勤不怨。」
請益。曰:「無倦。」 無,古本作毋。○吳氏曰:「勇者喜於有為而不能持久,故以此告之。」程子曰:「子路問政,孔子既告之矣。及請益,則曰『無倦』而已。未嘗復有所告,姑使之深思也。」
仲弓為季氏宰,問政。子曰:「先有司,赦小過,舉賢才。」曰:「焉知賢才而舉之?」曰:「舉爾所知。爾所不知,人其舍諸?」
Chung-kung, being chief minister to the Head of the Chî family, asked about government. The Master said, “Employ first the services of your various officers, pardon small faults, and raise to office men of virtue and talents.”
Chung-kung said, “How shall I know the men of virtue and talent, so that I may raise them to office?” He was answered, “Raise to office those whom you know. As to those whom you do not know, will others neglect them?”
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仲弓為季氏宰,問政。子曰:「先有司,赦小過,舉賢才。」 有司,眾職也。宰兼眾職,然事必先之於彼,而後考其成功,則己不勞而事畢舉矣。過,失誤也。大者於事或有所害,不得不懲;小者赦之,則刑不濫而人心悅矣。賢,有德者。才,有能者。舉而用之,則有司皆得其人而政益修矣。
曰:「焉知賢才而舉之?」曰:「舉爾所知。爾所不知,人其舍諸?」 焉,於虔反。舍,上聲。○仲弓慮無以盡知一時之賢才,故孔子告之以此。○程子曰:「人各親其親,然後不獨親其親。仲弓曰:『焉知賢才而舉之?』子曰:『舉爾所知,爾所不知,人其舍諸?』便見仲弓與聖人用心之大小。推此義,則一心可以興邦,一心可以喪邦,只在公私之間爾。」范氏曰:「不先有司,則君行臣職矣;不赦小過,則下無全人矣;不舉賢才,則百職廢矣。失此三者,不可以為季氏宰,況天下乎?」
子路曰:「衛君待子而為政,子將奚先?」子曰:「必也,正名乎?」子路曰:「有是哉,子之迂也。奚其正?」子曰:「野哉由也!於其所不知,蓋闕如也。名不正,則言不順;言不順,則事不成;事不成,則樂不興;樂不興,則刑罰不中;刑罰不中,則民無所措手足。故名之必可言也,言之必可行也。於其言,無所苟而已矣。」
Tsze-lû said, “The ruler of Wei has been waiting for you, in order with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first thing to be done?”
The Master replied, “What is necessary is to rectify names.”
“So, indeed!” said Tsze-lû. “You are wide of the mark! Why must there be such rectification?”
The Master said, “How uncultivated you are, Yû! A superior man, in regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve.
“If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success.
“When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and music will not flourish. When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot.
“Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires, is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect.”
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子路曰:「衛君待子而為政,子將奚先?」 衛君,謂出公輒也。是時魯哀公之十年,孔子自楚反乎衛。
子曰:「必也,正名乎?」 是時出公不父其父而檷其祖,名實紊矣,故孔子以正名為先。○謝氏曰:「正名雖為衛君而言,然為政之道,皆當以此為先。」
子路曰:「有是哉,子之迂也。奚其正?」 迂,謂遠於事情,言非今日之急務也。
子曰:「野哉由也!君子於其所不知,蓋闕如也。 野,謂鄙俗。責其不能闕疑,而率爾妄對也。
名不正,則言不順;言不順,則事不成; 楊氏曰:「名不當其實,則言不順。言不順,則無以考實而事不成。」
事不成,則禮樂不興;禮樂不興,則刑罰不中;刑罰不中,則民無所措手足。 中,去聲。○范氏曰:「事得其序之謂禮,物得其和之謂樂。事不成則無序而不和,故禮樂不興。禮樂不興,則施之政事皆失其道,故刑罰不中。」
故君子名之必可言也,言之必可行也。君子於其言,無所苟而已矣。」 程子曰:「名實相須。一事苟,則其餘皆苟矣。」胡氏曰:「衛世子蒯聵恥其母南子之淫亂,欲殺之不果而出奔。靈公欲立公子郢,郢辭。公卒,夫人立之,又辭。乃立蒯聵之子輒,以拒蒯聵。夫蒯聵欲殺母,得罪於父,而輒據國以拒父,皆無父之人也,其不可有國也明矣。夫子為政,而以正名為先。必將具其事之本末,告諸天王,請於方伯,命公子郢而立之。則人倫正,天理得,名正言順而事成矣。夫子告之之詳如此,而子路終不喻也。故事輒不去,卒死其難。徒知食焉不避其難之為義,而不知食輒之食為非義也。」
樊遲請學稼,子曰:「吾不如老農。」請學為圃。曰:「吾不如老圃。」樊遲出。子曰:「小人哉,樊須也!上好,則民莫敢不敬;上好,則民莫敢不服;上好,則民莫敢不用情。夫如是,則四方之民襁負其子而至矣,焉用稼?」
Fan Ch’ih requested to be taught husbandry. The Master said, “I am not so good for that as an old husbandman.” He requested also to be taught gardening, and was answered, “I am not so good for that as an old gardener.”
Fan Ch’ih having gone out, the Master said, “A small man, indeed, is Fan Hsu!
“If a superior love propriety, the people will not dare not to be reverent. If he love righteousness, the people will not dare not to submit to his example. If he love good faith, the people will not dare not to be sincere. Now, when these things obtain, the people from all quarters will come to him, bearing their children on their backs;—what need has he of a knowledge of husbandry?”
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樊遲請學稼,子曰:「吾不如老農。」請學為圃。曰:「吾不如老圃。」 種五穀曰稼,種蔬菜曰圃。
樊遲出。子曰:「小人哉,樊須也! 小人,謂細民,孟子所謂小人之事者也。
上好禮,則民莫敢不敬;上好義,則民莫敢不服;上好信,則民莫敢不用情。夫如是,則四方之民襁負其子而至矣,焉用稼?」 好,去聲。夫,音扶。襁,居丈反。焉,於虔反。○禮、義、信,大人之事也。好義,則事合宜。情,誠實也。敬服用情,蓋各以其類而應也。襁,織縷為之,以約小兒於背者。○楊氏曰:「樊須游聖人之門,而問稼圃,志則陋矣,辭而辟之可也。待其出而後言其非,何也?蓋於其問也,自謂農圃之不如,則拒之者至矣。須之學疑不及此,而不能問。不能以三隅反矣,故不復。及其既出,則懼其終不喻也,求老農老圃而學焉,則其失愈遠矣。故復言之,使知前所言者意有在也。
子曰:「誦詩三百,授之以政,不達;使於四方,不能專對;雖多,亦奚以為?」
The Master said, “Though a man may be able to recite the three hundred odes, yet if, when entrusted with a governmental charge, he knows not how to act, or if, when sent to any quarter on a mission, he cannot give his replies unassisted, notwithstanding the extent of his learning, of what practical use is it?”
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使,去聲。○專,獨也。詩本人情,該物理,可以驗風俗之盛衰,見政治之得失。其言溫厚和平,長於風諭。故誦之者,必達於政而能言也。○程子曰:「窮經將以致用也。世之誦詩者,果能從政而專對乎?然則其所學者,章句之末耳,此學者之大患也。」
子曰:「其身正,不令而行;其身不正,雖令不從。」
The Master said, “When a prince’s personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be followed.”
子曰:「魯衛之政,兄弟也。」
The Master said, “The governments of Lû and Wei are brothers.”
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魯,周公之後。衛,康叔之後。本兄弟之國,而是時衰亂,政亦相似,故孔子歎之。
子謂衛公子荊,「善居室。始有,曰:『苟合矣。』少有,曰:『苟完矣。』富有,曰:『苟美矣。』」
The Master said of Ching, a scion of the ducal family of Wei, that he knew the economy of a family well. When he began to have means, he said, “Ha! here is a collection!” When they were a little increased, he said, “Ha! this is complete!” When he had become rich, he said, “Ha! this is admirable!”
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公子荊,衛大夫。苟,聊且粗略之意。合,聚也。完,備也。言其循序而有節,不以欲速盡美累其心。○楊氏曰:「務為全美,則累物而驕吝之心生。公子荊皆曰苟而已,則不以外物為心,其欲易足故也。」
子適衛,冉有僕。子曰:「庶矣哉!」冉有曰:「既庶矣。又何加焉?」曰:「富之。」曰:「既富矣,又何加焉?」曰:「教之。」
When the Master went to Wei, Zǎn Yû acted as driver of his carriage.
The Master observed, “How numerous are the people!”
Yû said, “Since they are thus numerous, what more shall be done for them?” “Enrich them,” was the reply.
“And when they have been enriched, what more shall be done?” The Master said, “Teach them.”
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子適衛,冉有僕。 僕,御車也。
子曰:「庶矣哉!」 庶,眾也。
冉有曰:「既庶矣。又何加焉?」曰:「富之。」 庶而不富,則民生不遂,故制田裡,薄賦斂以富之。
曰:「既富矣,又何加焉?」曰:「教之。」 富而不教,則近於禽獸。故必立學校,明禮義以教之。○胡氏曰:「天生斯民,立之司牧,而寄以三事。然自三代之後,能舉此職者,百無一二。漢之文明,唐之太宗,亦云庶且富矣,西京之教無聞焉。明帝尊師重傅,臨雍拜老,宗戚子弟莫不受學;唐太宗大召名儒,增廣生員,教亦至矣,然而未知所以教也。三代之教,天子公卿躬行於上,言行政事皆可師法,彼二君者其能然乎?」
子曰:「苟有用我者。期月而已可也,三年有成。」
The Master said, “If there were (any of the princes) who would employ me, in the course of twelve months, I should have done something considerable. In three years, the government would be perfected.”
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期月,謂周一歲之月也。可者,僅辭,言綱紀布也。有成,治功成也。○尹氏曰:「孔子歎當時莫能用己也,故云然。」愚按:史記,此蓋為衛靈公不能用而發。
子曰:「善人為邦百年,亦可以勝殘去殺矣。誠哉是言也!」
The Master said, “ ‘If good men were to govern a country in succession for a hundred years, they would be able to transform the violently bad, and dispense with capital punishments.’ True indeed is this saying!”
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勝,平聲。去,上聲。○為邦百年,言相繼而久也。勝殘,化殘暴之人,使不為惡也。去殺,謂民化於善,可以不用刑殺也。蓋古有是言,而夫子稱之。○程子曰:「漢自高、惠至於文、景,黎民醇厚,幾致刑措,庶乎其近之矣。」尹氏曰:「勝殘去殺,不為惡而已,善人之功如是。若夫聖人,則不待百年,其化亦不止此。」
子曰:「如有王者,必世而後。」
The Master said, “If a truly royal ruler were to arise, it would still require a generation, and then virtue would prevail.”
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王者謂聖人受命而興也。三十年為一世。仁,謂教化浹也。○程子曰:「周自文武至於成王,而後禮樂興,即其效也。」或問:「三年、必世,遲速不同,何也?」程子曰:「三年有成,謂法度紀綱有成而化行也。漸民以仁,摩民以義,使之浹於肌膚,淪於骨髓,而禮樂可興,所謂仁也。此非積久,何以能致?」
子曰:「苟正其身矣,於從政乎何有?不能正其身,如正人何?」
The Master said, “If a minister make his own conduct correct, what difficulty will he have in assisting in government? If he cannot rectify himself, what has he to do with rectifying others?”
冉子退朝。子曰:「何晏也?」對曰:「有政。」子曰:「其事也。如有政,雖不吾以,吾其與聞之。」
The disciple Zan returning from the court, the Master said to him, “How are you so late?” He replied, “We had government business.” The Master said, “It must have been family affairs. If there had been government business, though I am not now in office, I should have been consulted about it.”
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朝,音潮。與,去聲。○冉有時為季氏宰。朝,季氏之私朝也。晏,晚也。政,國政。事,家事。以,用也。禮:大夫雖不治事,猶得與聞國政。是時季氏專魯,其於國政,蓋有不與同列議於公朝,而獨與家臣謀於私室者。故夫子為不知者而言,此必季氏之家事耳。若是國政,我嘗為大夫,雖不見用,猶當與聞。今既不聞,則是非國政也。語意與魏徵獻陵之對略相似。其所以正名分,抑季氏,而教冉有之意深矣。
定公問:「一言而可以興邦,有諸?」孔子對曰:「言不可以若是其幾也。人之言曰:『為君難,為臣不易。』如知為君之難也,不幾乎一言而興邦乎?」曰:「一言而喪邦,有諸?」孔子對曰:「言不可以若是其幾也。人之言曰:『予無樂乎為君,唯其言而莫予違也。』如其善而莫之違也,不亦善乎?如不善而莫之違也,不幾乎一言而喪邦乎?」
The Duke Ting asked whether there was a single sentence which could make a country prosperous. Confucius replied, “Such an effect cannot be expected from one sentence.
“There is a saying, however, which people have—‘To be a prince is difficult; to be a minister is not easy.’
“If a ruler knows this—the difficulty of being a prince—may there not be expected from this one sentence the prosperity of his country?”
The duke then said, “Is there a single sentence which can ruin a country?” Confucius replied, “Such an effect as that cannot be expected from one sentence. There is, however, the saying which people have—‘I have no pleasure in being a prince, but only in that no one can offer any opposition to what I say!’
“If a ruler’s words be good, is it not also good that no one oppose them? But if they are not good, and no one opposes them, may there not be expected from this one sentence the ruin of his country?”
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定公問:「一言而可以興邦,有諸?」孔子對曰:「言不可以若是其幾也。 幾,期也。詩曰:「如幾如式。」言一言之間,未可以如此而必期其效。
人之言曰:『為君難,為臣不易。』 易,去聲。○當時有此言也。
如知為君之難也,不幾乎一言而興邦乎?」 因此言而知為君之難,則必戰戰兢兢,臨深履薄,而無一事之敢忽。然則此言也,豈不可以必期於興邦乎?為定公言,故不及臣也。
曰:「一言而喪邦,有諸?」孔子對曰:「言不可以若是其幾也。人之言曰:『予無樂乎為君,唯其言而莫予違也。』 喪,去聲,下同。樂,音洛。言他無所樂,惟樂此耳。
如其善而莫之違也,不亦善乎?如不善而莫之違也,不幾乎一言而喪邦乎?」 范氏曰:「言不善而莫之違,則忠言不至於耳。君日驕而臣日諂,未有不喪邦者也。」謝氏曰:「知為君之難,則必敬謹以持之。惟其言而莫予違,則讒諂面諛之人至矣。邦未必遽興喪也,而興喪之源分於此。然此非識微之君子,何足以知之?」
葉公問政。子曰:「近者說,遠者來。」
The Duke of Sheh asked about government.
The Master said, “Good government obtains, when those who are near are made happy, and those who are far off are attracted.”
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葉公問政。 音義並見第七篇。
子曰:「近者說,遠者來。」 說,音悅。○被其澤則悅,聞其風則來。然必近者悅,而後遠者來也。
子夏為莒父宰,問政。子曰:「無欲速,無見小利。欲速,則不達;見小利,則大事不成。」
Tsze-hsîâ, being governor of Chü-fû, asked about government. The Master said, “Do not be desirous to have things done quickly; do not look at small advantages. Desire to have things done quickly prevents their being done thoroughly. Looking at small advantages prevents great affairs from being accomplished.”
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父,音甫。○莒父,魯邑名。欲事之速成,則急遽無序,而反不達。見小者之為利,則所就者小,而所失者大矣。○程子曰:「子張問政,子曰:『居之無倦,行之以忠。』子夏問政,子曰:『無欲速,無見小利。』子張常過高而未仁,子夏之病常在近小,故各以切己之事告之。」
葉公語孔子曰:「吾黨有直躬者,其父攘羊,而子證之。」孔子曰:「吾黨之直者異於是。父為子隱,子為父隱,直在其中矣。」
The Duke of Sheh informed Confucius, saying, “Among us here there are those who may be styled upright in their conduct. If their father have stolen a sheep, they will bear witness to the fact.”
Confucius said, “Among us, in our part of the country, those who are upright are different from this. The father conceals the misconduct of the son, and the son conceals the misconduct of the father. Uprightness is to be found in this.”
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葉公語孔子曰:「吾黨有直躬者,其父攘羊,而子證之。」 語,去聲。○直躬,直身而行者。有因而盜曰攘。
孔子曰:「吾黨之直者異於是。父為子隱,子為父隱,直在其中矣。」 為,去聲。○父子相隱,天理人情之至也。故不求為直,而直在其中。○謝氏曰:「順理為直。父不為子隱,子不為父隱,於理順邪?瞽瞍殺人,舜竊負而逃,遵海濱而處。當是時,愛親之心勝,其於直不直,何暇計哉?」
樊遲問。子曰:「居處恭,執事敬,與人忠。雖之夷狄,不可棄也。」
Fan Ch’ih asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, “It is, in retirement, to be sedately grave; in the management of business, to be reverently attentive; in intercourse with others, to be strictly sincere. Though a man go among rude, uncultivated tribes, these qualities may not be neglected.”
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恭主容,敬主事。恭見於外,敬主乎中。之夷狄不可棄,勉其固守而勿失也。○程子曰:「此是徹上徹下語。聖人初無二語也,充之則睟面盎背;推而達之,則篤恭而天下平矣。」胡氏曰:「樊遲問仁者三:此最先,先難次之,愛人其最後乎?」
子貢問曰:「何如斯可謂之士矣?」子曰:「行己有恥,使於四方,不辱君命,可謂士矣。」曰:「敢問其次。」曰:「宗族稱焉,鄉黨稱弟焉。」曰:「敢問其次。」曰:「言必,行必果,硜硜然小人哉!抑亦可以為次矣。」曰:「今之從政者何如?」子曰:「噫!斗筲之人,何足算也。」
Tsze-kung asked, saying, “What qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called an officer?” The Master said, “He who in his conduct of himself maintains a sense of shame, and when sent to any quarter will not disgrace his prince’s commission, deserves to be called an officer.”
Tsze-kung pursued, “I venture to ask who may be placed in the next lower rank?” And he was told, “He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow-villagers and neighbours pronounce to be fraternal.”
Again the disciple asked, “I venture to ask about the class still next in order.” The Master said, “They are determined to be sincere in what they say, and to carry out what they do. They are obstinate little men. Yet perhaps they may make the next class.”
Tsze-kung finally inquired, “Of what sort are those of the present day, who engage in government?” The Master said “Pooh! they are so many pecks and hampers, not worth being taken into account.”
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子貢問曰:「何如斯可謂之士矣?」子曰:「行己有恥,使於四方,不辱君命,可謂士矣。」 使,去聲。○此其志有所不為,而其材足以有為者也。子貢能言,故以使事告之。蓋為使之難,不獨貴於能言而已。
曰:「敢問其次。」曰:「宗族稱孝焉,鄉黨稱弟焉。」 弟,去聲。○此本立而材不足者,故為其次。
曰:「敢問其次。」曰:「言必信,行必果,硜硜然小人哉!抑亦可以為次矣。」 行,去聲。硜,苦耕反。○果,必行也。硜,小石之堅確者。小人,言其識量之淺狹也。此其本末皆無足觀,然亦不害其為自守也,故聖人猶有取焉,下此則市井之人,不復可為士矣。
曰:「今之從政者何如?」子曰:「噫!斗筲之人,何足算也。」 筲,所交反。算,亦作筭,悉亂反。○今之從政者,蓋如魯三家之屬。噫,心不平聲。斗,量名,容十升。筲,竹器,容斗二升。斗筲之人,言鄙細也。算,數也。子貢之問每下,故夫子以是警之。○程子曰:「子貢之意,蓋欲為皎皎之行,聞於人者。夫子告之,皆篤實自得之事。」
子曰:「不得中行而與之,必也狂狷乎!狂者進取,狷者有所不為也。」
The Master said, “Since I cannot get men pursuing the due medium, to whom I might communicate my instructions, I must find the ardent and the cautiously-decided. The ardent will advance and lay hold of truth; the cautiously-decided will keep themselves from what is wrong.”
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狷,音絹。行,道也。狂者,志極高而行不掩。狷者,知未及而守有餘。蓋聖人本欲得中道之人而教之,然既不可得,而徒得謹厚之人,則未必能自振拔而有為也。故不若得此狂狷之人,猶可因其志節,而激厲裁抑之以進於道,非與其終於此而已也。孟子曰:「孔子豈不欲中道哉?不可必得,故思其次也。如琴張、曾皙、牧皮者,孔子之所謂狂也。其志嘐嘐然,曰:『古之人!古之人!』夷考其行而不掩焉者也。狂者又不可得,欲得不屑不潔之士而與之,是狷也,是又其次也。」
子曰:「南人有言曰:『人而無恆,不可以作巫醫。』善夫!」「不恆其德,或承之羞。」子曰:「不占而已矣。」
The Master said, “The people of the south have a saying—‘A man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor.’ Good!
“Inconstant in his virtue, he will be visited with disgrace.”
The Master said, “This arises simply from not attending to the prognostication.”
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子曰:「南人有言曰:『人而無恆,不可以作巫醫。』善夫!」 恆,胡登反。夫,音扶。○南人,南國之人。恆,常久也。巫,所以交鬼神。醫,所以寄死生。故雖賤役,而猶不可以無常,孔子稱其言而善之。
「不恆其德,或承之羞。」 此《易》恆卦九三爻辭。承,進也。
子曰:「不占而已矣。」 復加「子曰」,以別易文也,其義未詳。楊氏曰:「君子於《易》苟玩其占,則知無常之取羞矣。其為無常也,蓋亦不佔而已矣。」意亦略通。
子曰:「和而不同,小人同而不和。」
The Master said, “The superior man is affable, but not adulatory; the mean man is adulatory, but not affable.”
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和者,無乖戾之心。同者,有阿比之意。尹氏曰:「君子尚義,故有不同。小人尚利,安得而和?」
子貢問曰:「鄉人皆好之,何如?」子曰:「未可也。」「鄉人皆惡之,何如?」子曰:「未可也。不如鄉人之善者好之,其不善者惡之。」
Tsze-kung asked, saying, “What do you say of a man who is loved by all the people of his neighborhood?” The Master replied, “We may not for that accord our approval of him.” “And what do you say of him who is hated by all the people of his neighborhood?” The Master said, “We may not for that conclude that he is bad. It is better than either of these cases that the good in the neighborhood love him, and the bad hate him.”
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好、惡,並去聲。○一鄉之人,宜有公論矣,然其間亦各以類自為好惡也。故善者好之而惡者不惡,則必其有苟合之行。惡者惡之而善者不好,則必其無可好之實。
子曰:「易事而難說也:說之不以道,不說也;及其使人也,器之。小人難事而易說也:說之雖不以道,說也;及其使人也,求備焉。」
The Master said, “The superior man is easy to serve and difficult to please. If you try to please him in any way which is not accordant with right, he will not be pleased. But in his employment of men, he uses them according to their capacity. The mean man is difficult to serve, and easy to please. If you try to please him, though it be in a way which is not accordant with right, he may be pleased. But in his employment of men, he wishes them to be equal to everything.”
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易,去聲。說,音悅。器之,謂隨其材器而使之也。君子之心公而恕,小人之心私而刻。天理人欲之間,每相反而已矣。
子曰:「泰而不驕,小人驕而不泰。」
The Master said, “The superior man has a dignified ease without pride. The mean man has pride without a dignified ease.”
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君子循理,故安舒而不矜肆。小人逞欲,故反是。
子曰:「剛毅、木訥,近。」
The Master said, “The firm, the enduring, the simple, and the modest are near to virtue.”
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程子曰:「木者,質樸。訥者,遲鈍。四者,質之近乎仁者也。」楊氏曰:「剛毅則不屈於物慾,木訥則不至於外馳,故近仁。」
子路問曰:「何如斯可謂之士矣?」子曰:「切切、偲偲、怡怡如也,可謂士矣。朋友切切、偲偲,兄弟怡怡。」
Tsze-lû asked, saying, “What qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called a scholar?” The Master said, “He must be thus—earnest, urgent, and bland:—among his friends, earnest and urgent; among his brethren, bland.”
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胡氏曰:「切切,懇到也。偲偲,詳勉也。怡怡,和悅也。皆子路所不足,故告之。又恐其混於所施,則兄弟有賊恩之禍,朋友有善柔之損,故又別而言之。」
子曰:「善人教民七年,亦可以即戎矣。」
The Master said, “Let a good man teach the people seven years, and they may then likewise be employed in war.”
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教民者,教之孝悌忠信之行,務農講武之法。即,就也。戎,兵也。民知親其上,死其長,故可以即戎。程子曰:「七年雲者,聖人度其時可矣。如雲期月、三年、百年、一世、大國五年、小國七年之類,皆當思其作為如何乃有益。」
子曰:「以不教民戰,是謂棄之。」
The Master said, “To lead an uninstructed people to war, is to throw them away.”
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以,用也。言用不教之民以戰,必有敗亡之禍,是棄其民也。