The Analects
堯曰 第二十 Book Twenty · Yáo yuē
堯曰：「咨！爾舜！之曆數在爾躬。允執其中。四海困窮，祿永終。」舜亦以命禹。曰：「予小子履，敢用玄牡，敢昭告于皇皇后帝：有罪不敢赦。帝臣不蔽，簡在帝心。朕躬有罪，無以萬方；萬方有罪，罪在朕躬。」周有大賚，善人是富。「雖有周親，不如人。百姓有過，在予一人。」謹權量，審法度，修廢官，四方之政行焉。興滅國，繼絕世，舉逸民，天下之民歸心焉。所重：民、食、喪、祭。寬則得眾，則民任焉，敏則有功，公則說。
Yâo said, “Oh! you, Shun, the Heaven-determined order of succession now rests in your person. Sincerely hold fast the due Mean. If there shall be distress and want within the four seas, the Heavenly revenue will come to a perpetual end.”
Shun also used the same language in giving charge to Yü.
T’ang said, “I, the child Lî, presume to use a dark-coloured victim, and presume to announce to Thee, O most great and sovereign God, that the sinner I dare not pardon, and thy ministers, O God, I do not keep in obscurity. The examination of them is by thy mind, O God. If, in my person, I commit offences, they are not to be attributed to you, the people of the myriad regions. If you in the myriad regions commit offences, these offences must rest on my person.”
Châu conferred great gifts, and the good were enriched.
“Although he has his near relatives, they are not equal to my virtuous men. The people are throwing blame upon me, the One man.”
He carefully attended to the weights and measures, examined the body of the laws, restored the discarded officers, and the good government of the kingdom took its course.
He revived States that had been extinguished, restored families whose line of succession had been broken, and called to office those who had retired into obscurity, so that throughout the kingdom the hearts of the people turned towards him.
What he attached chief importance to, were the food of the people, the duties of mourning, and sacrifices.
By his generosity, he won all. By his sincerity, he made the people repose trust in him. By his earnest activity, his achievements were great. By his justice, all were delighted.
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
堯曰：「咨！爾舜！天之曆數在爾躬。允執其中。四海困窮，天祿永終。」 此堯命舜，而禪以帝位之辭。咨，嗟歎聲。曆數，帝王相繼之次第，猶歲時氣節之先後也。允，信也。中者，無過不及之名。四海之人困窮，則君祿亦永絕矣，戒之也。
舜亦以命禹。 舜後遜位於禹，亦以此辭命之。今見於虞書大禹謨，比此加詳。
曰：「予小子履，敢用玄牡，敢昭告于皇皇后帝：有罪不敢赦。帝臣不蔽，簡在帝心。朕躬有罪，無以萬方；萬方有罪，罪在朕躬。」 此引商書湯誥之辭。蓋湯既放桀而告諸侯也。與書文大同小異。曰上當有湯字。履，蓋湯名。用玄牡，夏尚黑，未變其禮也。簡，閱也。言桀有罪，己不敢赦。而天下賢人，皆上帝之臣，己不敢蔽。簡在帝心，惟帝所命。此述其初請命而伐桀之辭也。又言君有罪非民所致，民有罪實君所為，見其厚於責己薄於責人之意。此其告諸侯之辭也。
周有大賚，善人是富。 賚，來代反。此以下述武王事。賚，予也。武王克商，大賚于四海。見周書武成篇。此言其所富者，皆善人也。詩序云「賚所以錫予善人」，蓋本於此。
「雖有周親，不如仁人。百姓有過，在予一人。」 此周書太誓之辭。孔氏曰：「周，至也。言紂至親雖多，不如周家之多仁人。」
謹權量，審法度，修廢官，四方之政行焉。 權，稱錘也。量，斗斛也。法度，禮樂制度皆是也。
興滅國，繼絕世，舉逸民，天下之民歸心焉。 興滅繼絕，謂封黃帝、堯、舜、夏、商之後。舉逸民，謂釋箕子之囚，復商容之位。三者皆人心之所欲也。
所重：民、食、喪、祭。 武成曰：「重民五教，惟食喪祭。」
寬則得眾，信則民任焉，敏則有功，公則說。 說，音悅。此於武王之事無所見，恐或泛言帝王之道也。楊氏曰：「論語之書，皆聖人微言，而其徒傳守之，以明斯道者也。故於終篇，具載堯舜咨命之言，湯武誓師之意，與夫施諸政事者。以明聖學之所傳者，一於是而已。所以著明二十篇之大旨也。孟子於終篇，亦歷敘堯、舜、湯、文、孔子相承之次，皆此意也。」
子張問於孔子曰：「何如斯可以從政矣？」子曰：「尊五美，屏四惡，斯可以從政矣。」子張曰：「何謂五美？」子曰：「惠而不費，勞而不怨，欲而不貪，泰而不驕，威而不猛。」子張曰：「何謂惠而不費？」子曰：「因民之所利而利之，斯不亦惠而不費乎？擇可勞而勞之，又誰怨？欲而得，又焉貪？無眾寡，無小大，無敢慢，斯不亦泰而不驕乎？正其衣冠，尊其瞻視，儼然人望而畏之，斯不亦威而不猛乎？」子張曰：「何謂四惡？」子曰：「不教而殺，謂之虐。不戒視成，謂之暴。慢令致期，謂之賊。猶之與人也，出納之吝；謂之有司。」
Tsze-chang asked Confucius, saying, “In what way should a person in authority act in order that he may conduct government properly?” The Master replied, “Let him honour the five excellent, and banish away the four bad, things;—then may he conduct government properly.” Tsze-chang said, “What are meant by the five excellent things?” The Master said, “When the person in authority is beneficent without great expenditure; when he lays tasks on the people without their repining; when he pursues what he desires without being covetous; when he maintains a dignified ease without being proud; when he is majestic without being fierce.”
Tsze-chang said, “What is meant by being beneficent without great expenditure?” The Master replied, “When the person in authority makes more beneficial to the people the things from which they naturally derive benefit;—is not this being beneficent without great expenditure? When he chooses the labours which are proper, and makes them labour on them, who will repine? When his desires are set on benevolent government, and he secures it, who will accuse him of covetousness? Whether he has to do with many people or few, or with things great or small, he does not dare to indicate any disrespect;—is not this to maintain a dignified ease without any pride? He adjusts his clothes and cap, and throws a dignity into his looks, so that, thus dignified, he is looked at with awe;—is not this to be majestic without being fierce?”
Tsze-chang then asked, “What are meant by the four bad things?” The Master said, “To put the people to death without having instructed them;—this is called cruelty. To require from them, suddenly, the full tale of work, without having given them warning;—this is called oppression. To issue orders as if without urgency, at first, and, when the time comes, to insist on them with severity;—this is called injury. And, generally, in the giving pay or rewards to men, to do it in a stingy way;—this is called acting the part of a mere official.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
子張問於孔子曰：「何如斯可以從政矣？」子曰：「尊五美，屏四惡，斯可以從政矣。」子張曰：「何謂五美？」子曰：「君子惠而不費，勞而不怨，欲而不貪，泰而不驕，威而不猛。」 費，芳味反。
子張曰：「何謂惠而不費？」子曰：「因民之所利而利之，斯不亦惠而不費乎？擇可勞而勞之，又誰怨？欲仁而得仁，又焉貪？君子無眾寡，無小大，無敢慢，斯不亦泰而不驕乎？君子正其衣冠，尊其瞻視，儼然人望而畏之，斯不亦威而不猛乎？」 焉，於虔反。
子張曰：「何謂四惡？」子曰：「不教而殺，謂之虐。不戒視成，謂之暴。慢令致期，謂之賊。猶之與人也，出納之吝；謂之有司。」 出，去聲。虐，謂殘酷不仁。暴，謂卒遽無漸。致期，刻期也。賊者，切害之意。緩於前而急於後，以誤其民，而必刑之，是賊害之也。猶之，猶言均之也。均之以物與人，而於其出納之際，乃或吝而不果。則是有司之事，而非為政之體。所與雖多，人亦不懷其惠矣。項羽使人，有功當封，刻印刓，忍弗能予，卒以取敗，亦其驗也。尹氏曰：「告問政者多矣，未有如此之備者也。故記之以繼帝王之治，則夫子之為政可知也。」
子曰：「不知命，無以為也。不知，無以立也。不知言，無以知人也。」
The Master said, “Without recognising the ordinances of Heaven, it is impossible to be a superior man.
“Without an acquaintance with the rules of Propriety, it is impossible for the character to be established.
“Without knowing the force of words, it is impossible to know men.”
注 Zhu Xi 論語集注
子曰：「不知命，無以為君子也。 程子曰：「知命者，知有命而信之也。人不知命，則見害必避，見利必趨；何以為君子？」
不知禮，無以立也。 不知禮，則耳目無所加，手足無所措。
不知言，無以知人也。」 言之得失，可以知人之邪正。尹氏曰：「知斯三者，則君子之事備矣。弟子記此以終篇，得無意乎？學者少而讀之，老而不知一言為可用，不幾於侮聖言者乎？夫子之罪人也，可不念哉？」