Mencius

孟
子
Mèng
zǐ
Mencius · ~300 BCE

離婁下 Book 4B · Lí Lóu xià

孟子曰:「舜生於諸馮,遷於負夏,卒於鳴條,東夷之人也。文王生於岐周,卒於畢郢,西夷之人也。地之相去也,千有餘里;世之相後也,千有餘歲。得志行乎中國,若合符節。先聖後聖,其揆一也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Shun was born in Zhu Feng, removed to Fu Xia, and died in Ming Tiao - a man near the wild tribes on the east. King Wen was born in Zhou by mount Qi, and died in Bi Ying - a man near the wild tribes on the west. Those regions were distant from one another more than a thousand li, and the age of the one sage was posterior to that of the other more than a thousand years. But when they got their wish, and carried their principles into practice throughout the Middle Kingdom, it was like uniting the two halves of a seal. When we examine those sages, both the earlier and the later, their principles are found to be the same.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「舜生於諸馮,遷於負夏,卒於鳴條,東夷之人也。 諸馮、負夏、鳴條,皆地名,在東方夷服之地。

文王生於岐周,卒於畢郢,西夷之人也。 岐周,岐山下周舊邑,近畎夷。畢郢,近豐鎬,今有文王墓。

地之相去也,千有餘里;世之相後也,千有餘歲。得志行乎中國,若合符節。 得志行乎中國,謂舜為天子,文王為方伯,得行其道於天下也。符節,以玉為之,篆刻文字而中分之,彼此各藏其半,有故則左右相合以為信也。若合符節,言其同也。

先聖後聖,其揆一也。」 揆,度也。其揆一者,言度之而其道無不同也。范氏曰「言聖人之生,雖有先後遠近之不同,然其道則一也。」

子產聽鄭國之政,以其乘輿濟人於溱洧。孟子曰:「惠而不知為政。歲十一月徒杠成,十二月輿梁成,民未病涉也。平其政,行辟人可也。焉得人人而濟之?故為政者,每人而悅之,日亦不足矣。」

Legge

When Zi Chan was chief minister of the State of Zheng, he would convey people across the Zhen and Wei in his own carriage. Mencius said, 'It was kind, but showed that he did not understand the practice of government. When in the eleventh month of the year the foot-bridges are completed, and the carriage-bridges in the twelfth month, the people have not the trouble of wading. Let a governor conduct his rule on principles of equal justice, and, when he goes abroad, he may cause people to be removed out of his path. But how can he convey everybody across the rivers? It follows that if a governor will try to please everybody, he will find the days not sufficient for his work.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

子產聽鄭國之政,以其乘輿濟人於溱洧。 乘,去聲。溱,音臻。洧,榮美反。子產,鄭大夫公孫僑也。溱洧,二水名也。子產見人有徒涉此水者,以其所乘之車載而渡之。

孟子曰:「惠而不知為政。 惠,謂私恩小利。政,則有公平正大之體,綱紀法度之施焉。

歲十一月徒杠成,十二月輿梁成,民未病涉也。 杠,音江。杠,方橋也。徒杠,可通徒行者。梁,亦橋也。輿梁,可通車輿者。周十一月,夏九月也。周十二月,夏十月也。夏令曰:「十月成梁。」蓋農功已畢,可用民力,又時將寒冱,水有橋樑,則民不患於徒涉,亦王政之一事也。

君子平其政,行辟人可也。焉得人人而濟之? 辟,與辟同。焉,於虔反。辟,辟除也,如周禮閽人為之辟之辟。言能平其政,則出行之際,辟除行人,使之避己,亦不為過。況國中之水,當涉者眾,豈能悉以乘輿濟之哉?

故為政者,每人而悅之,日亦不足矣。」 言每人皆欲致私恩以悅其意,則人多日少,亦不足於用矣。諸葛武侯嘗言,「治世以大德,不以小惠」,得孟子之意矣。

孟子告齊宣王曰:「君之視臣如手足;則臣視君如腹心;君之視臣如犬馬,則臣視君如國人;君之視臣如土芥,則臣視君如寇讎。」王曰:「,為舊君有服,何如斯可為服矣?」曰:「諫行言聽,膏澤下於民;有故而去,則君使人導之出疆,又先於其所往;去三年不反,然後收其田里。此之謂三有焉。如此,則為之服矣。今也為臣。諫則不行,言則不聽;膏澤不下於民;有故而去,則君搏執之,又極之於其所往;去之日,遂收其田里。此之謂寇讎。寇讎何服之有?」

Legge

Mencius said to the king Xuan of Qi, 'When the prince regards his ministers as his hands and feet, his ministers regard their prince as their belly and heart; when he regards them as his dogs and horses, they regard him as another man; when he regards them as the ground or as grass, they regard him as a robber and an enemy.'

The king said, 'According to the rules of propriety, a minister wears mourning when he has left the service of a prince. How must a prince behave that his old ministers may thus go into mourning?'

Mencius replied,'The admonitions of a minister having been followed, and his advice listened to, so that blessings have descended on the people, if for some cause he leaves the country, the prince sends an escort to conduct him beyond the boundaries. He also anticipates with recommendatory intimations his arrival in the country to which he is proceeding. When he has been gone three years and does not return, only then at length does he take back his fields and residence. This treatment is what is called a "thrice-repeated display of consideration." When a prince acts thus, mourning will be worn on leaving his service. Now-a-days, the remonstrances of a minister are not followed, and his advice is not listened to, so that no blessings descend on the people. When for any cause he leaves the country, the prince tries to seize him and hold him a prisoner. He also pushes him to extremity in the country to which he has gone, and on the very day of his departure, takes back his fields and residence. This treatment shows him to be what we call "a robber and an enemy." What mourning can be worn for a robber and an enemy?'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子告齊宣王曰:「君之視臣如手足;則臣視君如腹心;君之視臣如犬馬,則臣視君如國人;君之視臣如土芥,則臣視君如寇讎。」 孔氏曰:「宣王之遇臣下,恩禮衰薄,至於昔者所進,今日不知其亡;則其於群臣,可謂邈然無敬矣。故孟子告之以此。手足腹心,相待一體,恩義之至也。如犬馬則輕賤之,然猶有豢養之恩焉。國人,猶言路人,言無怨無德也。土芥,則踐踏之而已矣,斬艾之而已矣,其賤惡之又甚矣。寇讎之報,不亦宜乎?」

王曰:「禮,為舊君有服,何如斯可為服矣?」 為,去聲,下為之同。儀禮曰:「以道去君而未絕者,服齊衰三月。」王疑孟子之言太甚,故以此禮為問。

曰:「諫行言聽,膏澤下於民;有故而去,則君使人導之出疆,又先於其所往;去三年不反,然後收其田里。此之謂三有禮焉。如此,則為之服矣。 導之出疆,防剽掠也。先於其所往,稱道其賢,欲其收用之也。三年而後收其田祿里居,前此猶望其歸也。

今也為臣。諫則不行,言則不聽;膏澤不下於民;有故而去,則君搏執之,又極之於其所往;去之日,遂收其田里。此之謂寇讎。寇讎何服之有?」 極,窮也。窮之於其所往之國,如晉錮欒盈也。潘興嗣曰:「孟子告齊王之言,猶孔子對定公之意也;而其言有跡,不若孔子之渾然也。蓋聖賢之別如此。」楊氏曰:「君臣以義合者也。故孟子為齊王深言報施之道,使知為君者不可不以禮遇其臣耳。若君子之自處,則豈處其薄乎?孟子曰『王庶幾改之,予日望之』,君子之言蓋如此。」

孟子曰:「無罪而殺士,則大夫可以去;無罪而戮民,則士可以徙。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'When scholars are put to death without any crime, the great officers may leave the country. When the people are slaughtered without any crime, the scholars may remove.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

言君子當見幾而作,禍已迫,則不能去矣。

孟子曰:「君莫不,君莫不。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'If the sovereign be benevolent, all will be benevolent. If the sovereign be righteous, all will be righteous.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

張氏曰:「此章重出。然上篇主言人臣當以正君為急,此章直戒人君,義亦小異耳。」

孟子曰:「非之,非之,大人弗為。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Acts of propriety which are not really proper, and acts of righteousness which are not really righteous, the great man does not do.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

察理不精,故有二者之蔽。大人則隨事而順理,因時而處宜,豈為是哉?

孟子曰:「中也養不中,才也養不才,故人樂有賢父兄也。如中也棄不中,才也棄不才,則賢不肖之相去,其閒不能以寸。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Those who keep the Mean, train up those who do not, and those who have abilities, train up those who have not, and hence men rejoice in having fathers and elder brothers who are possessed of virtue and talent. If they who keep the Mean spurn those who do not, and they who have abilities spurn those who have not, then the space between them - those so gifted and the ungifted - will not admit an inch.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

樂,音洛。無過不及之謂中,足以有為之謂才。養,謂涵育熏陶,俟其自化也。賢,謂中而才者也。樂有賢父兄者,樂其終能成己也。為父兄者,若以子弟之不賢,遂遽絕之而不能教,則吾亦過中而不才矣。其相去之閒,能幾何哉?

孟子曰:「人有不為也,而後可以有為。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Men must be decided on what they will NOT do, and then they are able to act with vigour in what they ought to do.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

程子曰:「有不為,知所擇也。惟能有不為,是以可以有為。無所不為者,安能有所為邪?」

孟子曰:「言人之不善,當如後患何?」

Legge

Mencius said, 'What future misery have they and ought they to endure, who talk of what is not good in others!'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

此亦有為而言。

孟子曰:「仲尼不為已甚者。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Zhong Ni did not do extraordinary things.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

已,猶太也。楊氏曰:「言聖人所為,本分之外,不加毫末。非孟子真知孔子,不能以是稱之。」

孟子曰:「大人者,言不必,行不必果,惟所在。」

Legge

Mencius said,'The great man does not think beforehand of his words that they may be sincere, nor of his actions that they may be resolute - he simply speaks and does what is right.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

行,去聲。必,猶期也。大人言行,不先期於信果,但義之所在,則必從之,卒亦未嘗不信果也。尹氏云:「主於義,則信果在其中矣;主於信果,則未必合義。」王勉曰:「若不合於義而不信不果,則妄人爾。」

孟子曰:「大人者,不失其赤子之心者也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'The great man is he who does not lose his child's-heart.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

大人之心,通達萬變;赤子之心,則純一無偽而已。然大人之所以為大人,正以其不為物誘,而有以全其純一無偽之本然。是以擴而充之,則無所不知,無所不能,而極其大也。

孟子曰:「養生者不足以當大事,惟送死可以當大事。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'The nourishment of parents when living is not sufficient to be accounted the great thing. It is only in the performing their obsequies when dead that we have what can be considered the great thing.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

養,去聲。事生固當愛敬,然亦人道之常耳;至於送死,則人道之大變。孝子之事親,舍是無以用其力矣。故尤以為大事,而必誠必信,不使少有後日之悔也。

孟子曰:「深造之以道,欲其自得之也。自得之,則居之安;居之安,則資之深;資之深,則取之左右逢其原,故欲其自得之也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'The superior man makes his advances in what he is learning with deep earnestness and by the proper course, wishing to get hold of it as in himself. Having got hold of it in himself, he abides in it calmly and firmly. Abiding in it calmly and firmly, he reposes a deep reliance on it. Reposing a deep reliance on it, he seizes it on the left and right, meeting everywhere with it as a fountain from which things flow. It is on this account that the superior man wishes to get hold of what he is learning as in himself.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

造,七到反。造,詣也。深造之者,進而不已之意。道,則其進為之方也。資,猶藉也。左右,身之兩旁,言至近而非一處也。逢,猶值也。原,本也,水之來處也。言君子務於深造而必以其道者,欲其有所持循,以俟夫默識心通,自然而得之於己也。自得於己,則所以處之者安固而不搖;處之安固,則所藉者深遠而無盡;所藉者深,則日用之閒取之至近,無所往而不值其所資之本也。程子曰「學不言而自得者,乃自得也。有安排布置者,皆非自得也。然必潛心積慮,優游厭飫於其間,然後可以有得。若急迫求之,則是私己而已,終不足以得之也。」

孟子曰:「博學而詳說之,將以反說約也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'In learning extensively and discussing minutely what is learned, the object of the superior man is that he may be able to go back and set forth in brief what is essential.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

言所以博學於文,而詳說其理者,非欲以誇多而鬥靡也;欲其融會貫通,有以反而說到至約之地耳。蓋承上章之意而言,學非欲其徒博,而亦不可以徑約也。

孟子曰:「以善服人者,未有能服人者也;以善養人,然後能服天下。天下不心服而王者,未之有也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Never has he who would by his excellence subdue men been able to subdue them. Let a prince seek by his excellence to nourish men, and he will be able to subdue the whole kingdom. It is impossible that any one should become ruler of the people to whom they have not yielded the subjection of the heart.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

王,去聲。服人者,欲以取勝於人;養人者,欲其同歸於善。蓋心之公私小異。而人之向背頓殊,學者於此不可以不審也。

孟子曰:「言無實不祥。不祥之實,蔽賢者當之。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Words which are not true are inauspicious, and the words which are most truly obnoxious to the name of inauspicious, are those which throw into the shade men of talents and virtue.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

或曰:「天下之言無有實不祥者,惟蔽賢為不祥之實。」或曰:「言而無實者不祥,故蔽賢為不祥之實。」二說不同,未知孰是,疑或有闕文焉。

徐子曰:「仲尼亟稱於水,曰:『水哉,水哉!』何取於水也?」孟子曰:「原泉混混,不舍晝夜。盈科而後進,放乎四海,有本者如是,是之取爾。苟為無本,七八月之閒雨集,溝澮皆盈;其涸也,可立而待也。故聲聞過情,恥之。」

Legge

The disciple Xu said, 'Zhong Ni often praised water, saying, "0 water! 0 water!" What did he find in water to praise?'

Mencius replied, 'There is a spring of water; how it gushes out! It rests not day nor night. It fills up every hole, and then advances, flowing onto the four seas. Such is water having a spring! It was this which he found in it to praise. But suppose that the water has no spring. In the seventh and eighth when the rain falls abundantly, the channels in the fields are all filled, but their being dried up again may be expected in a short time. So a superior man is ashamed of a reputation beyond his merits.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

徐子曰:「仲尼亟稱於水,曰:『水哉,水哉!』何取於水也?」 亟,去吏反。亟,數也。水哉水哉,歎美之辭。

孟子曰:「原泉混混,不舍晝夜。盈科而後進,放乎四海,有本者如是,是之取爾。 舍、放,皆上聲。原泉,有原之水也。混混,湧出之貌。不舍晝夜,言常出不竭也。盈,滿也。科,坎也。言其進以漸也。放,至也。言水有原本,不已而漸進以至於海;如人有實行,則亦不已而漸進以至於極也。

苟為無本,七八月之閒雨集,溝澮皆盈;其涸也,可立而待也。故聲聞過情,君子恥之。」 澮,古外反。涸,下各反。聞,去聲。集,聚也。澮,田閒水道也。涸,干也。如人無實行,而暴得虚譽,不能長久也。聲聞,名譽也。情,實也。恥者,恥其無實而將不繼也。林氏曰:「徐子之為人,必有躐等干譽之病,故孟子以是答之。」鄒氏曰:「孔子之稱水,其旨微矣。孟子獨取此者,自徐子之所急者言之也。孔子嘗以聞達告子張矣,達者有本之謂也。聞則無本之謂也。然則學者其可以不務本乎?」

孟子曰:「人之所以異於禽於獸者幾希,庶民去之,存之。舜明於庶物,察於人倫,由行,非行也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'That whereby man differs from the lower animals is but small. The mass of people cast it away, while superior men preserve it. Shun clearly understood the multitude of things, and closely observed the relations of humanity. He walked along the path of benevolence and righteousness; he did not need to pursue benevolence and righteousness.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「人之所以異於禽於獸者幾希,庶民去之,君子存之。 幾希,少也。庶,眾也。人物之生,同得天地之理以為性,同得天地之氣以為形;其不同者,獨人於其間得形氣之正,而能有以全其性,為少異耳。雖曰少異,然人物之所以分,實在於此。眾人不知此而去之,則名雖為人,而實無以異於禽獸。君子知此而存之,是以戰兢惕厲,而卒能有以全其所受之理也。

舜明於庶物,察於人倫,由仁義行,非行仁義也。」 物,事物也。明,則有以識其理也。人倫,說見前篇。察,則有以盡其理之詳也。物理固非度外,而人倫尤切於身,故其知之有詳略之異。在舜則皆生而知之也。由仁義行,非行仁義,則仁義已根於心,而所行皆從此出。非以仁義為美,而後勉強行之,所謂安而行之也。此則聖人之事,不待存之,而無不存矣。尹氏曰「存之者,君子也;存者,聖人也。君子所存,存天理也。由仁義行,存者能之。」

孟子曰:「禹惡旨酒而好善言。湯執中,立賢無方。文王視民如傷,望道而未之見。武王不泄邇,不忘遠。周公思兼三王,以施四事;其有不合者,仰而思之,夜以繼日;幸而得之,坐以待旦。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'Yu hated the pleasant wine, and loved good words. Tang held fast the Mean, and employed men of talents and virtue without regard to where they came from. King Wen looked on the people as he would on a man who was wounded, and he looked towards the right path as if he could not see it. King Wu did not slight the near, and did not forget the distant. The duke of Zhou desired to unite in himself the virtues of those kings, those founders of the three dynasties, that he might display in his practice the four things which they did. If he saw any thing in them not suited to his time, he looked up and thought about it, from daytime into the night, and when he was fortunate enough to master the difficulty, he sat waiting for the morning.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「禹惡旨酒而好善言。 惡、好,皆去聲。《戰國策》曰「儀狄作酒,禹飲而甘之,曰『後世必有以酒亡其國者』,遂疏儀狄而絕旨酒。」書曰:「禹拜昌言。」

湯執中,立賢無方。 執,謂守而不失。中者,無過不及之名。方,猶類也。立賢無方,惟賢則立之於位,不問其類也。

文王視民如傷,望道而未之見。 而,讀為如,古字通用。民已安矣,而視之猶若有傷;道已至矣,而望之猶若未見。聖人之愛民深,而求道切如此。不自滿足,終日乾乾之心也。

武王不泄邇,不忘遠。 泄,狎也。邇者人所易狎而不泄,遠者人所易忘而不忘,德之盛,仁之至也。

周公思兼三王,以施四事;其有不合者,仰而思之,夜以繼日;幸而得之,坐以待旦。」 三王:禹也,湯也,文武也。四事,上四條之事也。時異勢殊,故其事或有所不合,思而得之,則其理初不異矣。坐以待旦,急於行也。此承上章言舜,因歷敘群聖以繼之;而各舉其一事,以見其憂勤惕厲之意。蓋天理之所以常存,而人心之所以不死也。程子曰:「孟子所稱,各因其一事而言,非謂武王不能執中立賢,湯卻泄邇忘遠也。人謂各舉其盛,亦非也,聖人亦無不盛。」

孟子曰:「王者之跡熄而詩亡,詩亡然後春秋作。晉之乘,楚之檮杌,魯之春秋,一也。其事則齊桓、晉文,其文則史。孔子曰:『其則丘竊取之矣。』」

Legge

Mencius said, 'The traces of sovereign rule were extinguished, and the royal odes ceased to be made. When those odes ceased to be made, then the Chun Qiu was produced. The Sheng of Jin, the Tao Wu of Chu, and the Chun Qiu of Lu were books of the same character. The subject of the Chun Qiu was the affairs of Huan of Qi and Wen of Jin, and its style was the historical. Confucius said, "Its righteous decisions I ventured to make."'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「王者之跡熄而詩亡,詩亡然後春秋作。 王者之跡熄,謂平王東遷,而政教號令不及於天下也。詩亡,謂黍離降為國風而雅亡也。《春秋》,魯史記之名。孔子因而筆削之。始於魯隱公之元年,實平王之四十九年也。

晉之乘,楚之檮杌,魯之春秋,一也。 乘,去聲。檮,音逃。杌,音兀。乘義未詳。趙氏以為興於田賦乘馬之事。或曰:「取記載當時行事而名之也。」檮杌,惡獸名,古者因以為兇人之號,取記惡垂戒之義也。春秋者,記事者必表年以首事。年有四時,故錯舉以為所記之名也。古者列國皆有史官,掌記時事。此三者皆其所記冊書之名也。

其事則齊桓、晉文,其文則史。孔子曰:『其義則丘竊取之矣。』」 春秋之時,五霸迭興,而桓文為盛。史,史官也。竊取者,謙辭也。公羊傳作「其辭則丘有罪焉爾」,意亦如此。蓋言斷之在己,所謂筆則筆、削則削,游夏不能贊一辭者也。尹氏曰:「言孔子作《春秋》,亦以史之文載當時之事也,而其義則定天下之邪正,為百王之大法。」此又承上章歷敘群聖,因以孔子之事繼之;而孔子之事莫大於春秋,故特言之。

孟子曰:「之澤五世而斬,小人之澤五世而斬。予未得為孔子徒也,予私淑諸人也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'The influence of a sovereign sage terminates in the fifth generation. The influence of a mere sage does the same. Although I could not be a disciple of Confucius himself, I have endeavoured to cultivate my virtue by means of others who were.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「君子之澤五世而斬,小人之澤五世而斬。 澤,猶言流風餘韻也。父子相繼為一世,三十年亦為一世。斬,絕也。大約君子小人之澤,五世而絕也。楊氏曰:「四世而緦,服之窮也;五世袒免,殺同姓也;六世親屬竭矣。服窮則遺澤寖微,故五世而斬。」

予未得為孔子徒也,予私淑諸人也。」 私,猶竊也。淑,善也。李氏以為方言是也。人,謂子思之徒也。自孔子卒至孟子游梁時,方百四十餘年,而孟子已老。然則孟子之生,去孔子未百年也。故孟子言予雖未得親受業於孔子之門,然聖人之澤尚存,猶有能傳其學者。故我得聞孔子之道於人,而私竊以善其身,蓋推尊孔子而自謙之辭也。此又承上三章,歷敘舜禹,至於周孔,而以是終之。其辭雖謙,然其所以自任之重,亦有不得而辭者矣。

孟子曰:「可以取,可以無取,取傷廉;可以與,可以無與,與傷惠;可以死,可以無死,死傷勇。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'When it appears proper to take a thing, and afterwards not proper, to take it is contrary to moderation. When it appears proper to give a thing and afterwards not proper, to give it is contrary to kindness. When it appears proper to sacrifice one's life, and afterwards not proper, to sacrifice it is contrary to bravery.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

先言可以者,略見而自許之辭也,後言可以無者,深察而自疑之辭也。過取固害於廉,然過與亦反害其惠,過死亦反害其勇,蓋過猶不及之意也。林氏曰:「公西華受五秉之粟,是傷廉也;冉子與之,是傷惠也;子路之死於衛,是傷勇也。」

逄蒙學射於羿,盡羿之道,思天下惟羿為愈己,於是殺羿。孟子曰:「是亦羿有罪焉。」公明儀曰:「宜若無罪焉。」曰:「薄乎云爾,惡得無罪?鄭人使子濯孺子侵衛,衛使庾公之斯追之。子濯孺子曰:『今日我疾作,不可以執弓,吾死矣夫!』問其僕曰:『追我者誰也?』其僕曰:『庾公之斯也。』曰:『吾生矣。』其僕曰:『庾公之斯,衛之善射者也,夫子曰「吾生」,何謂也?』曰:『庾公之斯學射於尹公之他,尹公之他學射於我。夫尹公之他,端人也,其取友必端矣。』庾公之斯至,曰:『夫子何為不執弓?』曰:『今日我疾作,不可以執弓。』曰:『小人學射於尹公之他,尹公之他學射於夫子。我不忍以夫子之道反害夫子。雖然,今日之事,君事也,我不敢廢。』抽矢扣輪,去其金,發乘矢而後反。」

Legge

Pang Meng learned archery of Yi. When he had acquired completely all the science of Yi, he thought that in all the kingdom only Yi was superior to himself, and so he slew him. Mencius said, 'In this case Yi also was to blame. Gong Meng Yi indeed said, "It would appear as if he were not to be blamed," but he thereby only meant that his blame was slight. How can he be held without any blame? The people of Chang sent Zi Zhuo Ru to make a stealthy attack on Wei, which sent Yu Gong Zhi to pursue him. Zi Zhuo Ru said, "To-day I feel unwell, so that I cannot hold my bow. I am a dead man!" At the same time he asked his driver, "Who is it that is pursuing me?" The driver said, "It is Yu Gong Si," on which, he exclaimed, "I shall live." The driver said, "Yu Gong Si is the best archer of Wei, what do you mean by saying 'I shall live?'" Yu replied, "Yu Gong Si learned archery from Yin Gong Tuo, who again learned it from me. Now, Yin Gong Tuo is an upright man, and the friends of his selection must be upright also." When Yu Gong Si came up, he said, "Master, why are you not holding your bow?" Yu answered him, "To-day I am feeling unwell, and cannot hold my bow." On this Si said, "I learned archery from Yin Gong Tuo, who again learned it from you. I cannot bear to injure you with your own science. The business of to-day, however, is the prince's business, which I dare not neglect." He then took his arrows, knocked off their steel points against the carriage-wheel, discharged four of them, and returned.

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

逄蒙學射於羿,盡羿之道,思天下惟羿為愈己,於是殺羿。孟子曰:「是亦羿有罪焉。」公明儀曰:「宜若無罪焉。」曰:「薄乎云爾,惡得無罪? 逄,薄江反。惡,平聲。羿,有窮后羿也。逄蒙,羿之家眾也。羿善射,篡夏自立,後為家眾所殺。愈,猶勝也。薄,言其罪差薄耳。

鄭人使子濯孺子侵衛,衛使庾公之斯追之。子濯孺子曰:『今日我疾作,不可以執弓,吾死矣夫!』問其僕曰:『追我者誰也?』其僕曰:『庾公之斯也。』曰:『吾生矣。』其僕曰:『庾公之斯,衛之善射者也,夫子曰「吾生」,何謂也?』曰:『庾公之斯學射於尹公之他,尹公之他學射於我。夫尹公之他,端人也,其取友必端矣。』庾公之斯至,曰:『夫子何為不執弓?』曰:『今日我疾作,不可以執弓。』曰:『小人學射於尹公之他,尹公之他學射於夫子。我不忍以夫子之道反害夫子。雖然,今日之事,君事也,我不敢廢。』抽矢扣輪,去其金,發乘矢而後反。」 他,徒何反。矣夫、夫尹之夫,並音扶。去,上聲。乘,去聲。之,語助也。僕,御也。尹公他亦衛人也。端,正也。孺子以尹公正人;知其取友心正;故度庾公必不害己。小人,庾公自稱也。金,鏃也。扣輪出鏃,令不害人,乃以射也。乘矢,四矢也。孟子言使羿如子濯孺子得尹公他而教之,則必無逄蒙之禍。然夷羿篡弒之賊,蒙乃逆儔;庾斯雖全私恩,亦廢公義。其事皆無足論者,孟子蓋特以取友而言耳。

孟子曰:「西子蒙不潔,則人皆掩鼻而過之。雖有惡人,齊戒沐浴,則可以祀上帝。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'If the lady Xi had been covered with a filthy head-dress, all people would have stopped their noses in passing her. Though a man may be wicked, yet if he adjust his thoughts, fast, and bathe, he may sacrifice to God.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「西子蒙不潔,則人皆掩鼻而過之。 西子,美婦人。蒙,猶冒也。不潔,污穢之物也。掩鼻,惡其臭也。

雖有惡人,齊戒沐浴,則可以祀上帝。」 齊,側皆反。惡人,丑貌者也。尹氏曰:「此章戒人之喪善,而勉人以自新也。」

孟子曰:「天下之言也,則故而已矣。故者以利為本。所惡於者,為其鑿也。如者若禹之行水也,則無惡於矣。禹之行水也,行其所無事也。如者亦行其所無事,則亦大矣。之高也,星辰之遠也,苟求其故,千歲之日至,可坐而致也。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'All who speak about the natures of things, have in fact only their phenomena to reason from, and the value of a phenomenon is in its being natural. What I dislike in your wise men is their boring out their conclusions. If those wise men would only act as Yu did when he conveyed away the waters, there would be nothing to dislike in their wisdom. The manner in which Yu conveyed away the waters was by doing what gave him no trouble. If your wise men would also do that which gave them no trouble, their knowledge would also be great. There is heaven so high; there are the stars so distant. If we have investigated their phenomena, we may, while sitting in our places, go back to the solstice of a thousand years ago.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「天下之言性也,則故而已矣。故者以利為本。 性者,人物所得以生之理也。故者,其已然之跡,若所謂天下之故者也。利,猶順也,語其自然之勢也。言事物之理,雖若無形而難知;然其發見之已然,則必有跡而易見。故天下之言性者,但言其故而理自明,猶所謂善言天者必有驗於人也。然其所謂故者,又必本其自然之勢;如人之善、水之下,非有所矯揉造作而然者也。若人之為惡、水之在山,則非自然之故矣。

所惡於智者,為其鑿也。如智者若禹之行水也,則無惡於智矣。禹之行水也,行其所無事也。如智者亦行其所無事,則智亦大矣。 惡、為,皆去聲。天下之理,本皆順利,小智之人,務為穿鑿,所以失之。禹之行水,則因其自然之勢而導之,未嘗以私智穿鑿而有所事,是以水得其潤下之性而不為害也。

天之高也,星辰之遠也,苟求其故,千歲之日至,可坐而致也。」 天雖高,星辰雖遠,然求其已然之跡,則其運有常。雖千歲之久,其日至之度,可坐而得。況於事物之近,若因其故而求之,豈有不得其理者,而何以穿鑿為哉?必言日至者,造歷者以上古十一月甲子朔夜半冬至為歷元也。程子曰:「此章專為智而發。」愚謂事物之理,莫非自然。順而循之,則為大智。若用小智而鑿以自私,則害於性而反為不智。程子之言,可謂深得此章之旨矣。

公行子有子之喪,右師往吊,入門,有進而與右師言者,有就右師之位而與右師言者。孟子不與右師言,右師不悅曰:「諸皆與驩言,孟子獨不與驩言,是簡驩也。」孟子聞之,曰:「,朝廷不歷位而相與言,不踰階而相揖也。我欲行,子敖以我為簡,不亦異乎?」

Legge

The officer Gong Hang having on hand the funeral of one of his sons, the Master of the Right went to condole with him. When this noble entered the door, some called him to them and spoke with him, and some went to his place and spoke with him. Mencius did not speak with him, so that he was displeased, and said, 'All the gentlemen have spoken with me. There is only Mencius who does not speak to me, thereby slighting me.'

Mencius having heard of this remark, said, 'According to the prescribed rules, in the court, individuals may not change their places to speak with one another, nor may they pass from their ranks to bow to one another. I was wishing to observe this rule, and Zi Ao understands it that I was slighting him - is not this strange?'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

公行子有子之喪,右師往吊,入門,有進而與右師言者,有就右師之位而與右師言者。 公行子,齊大夫。右師,王驩也。

孟子不與右師言,右師不悅曰:「諸君子皆與驩言,孟子獨不與驩言,是簡驩也。」 簡,略也

孟子聞之,曰:「禮,朝廷不歷位而相與言,不踰階而相揖也。我欲行禮,子敖以我為簡,不亦異乎?」 朝,音潮。是時齊卿大夫以君命吊,各有位次。若周禮,凡有爵者之喪禮,則職喪莅其禁令,序其事,故云朝廷也。歷,更涉也。位,他人之位也。右師未就位而進與之言,則右師歷己之位矣;右師已就位而就與之言,則己歷右師之位矣。孟子右師之位又不同階,孟子不敢失此禮,故不與右師言也。

孟子曰:「所以異於人者,以其存心也。以存心,以存心。者愛人,有者敬人。愛人者人恆愛之,敬人者人恆敬之。有人於此,其待我以橫逆,則必自反也:我必不也,必無也,此物奚宜至哉?其自反而矣,自反而有矣,其橫逆由是也,必自反也:我必不忠。自反而忠矣,其橫逆由是也,曰:『此亦妄人也已矣。如此則與禽獸奚擇哉?於禽獸又何難焉?』是故有終身之憂,無一朝之患也。乃若所憂則有之:舜人也,我亦人也。舜為法於天下,可傳於後世,我由未免為鄉人也,是則可憂也。憂之如何?如舜而已矣。若夫所患則亡矣。非無為也,非無行也。如有一朝之患,則不患矣。」

Legge

Mencius said, 'That whereby the superior man is distinguished from other men is what he preserves in his heart - namely, benevolence and propriety. The benevolent man loves others. The man of propriety shows respect to others. He who loves others is constantly loved by them. He who respects others is constantly respected by them. Here is a man, who treats me in a perverse and unreasonable manner. The superior man in such a case will turn round upon himself, "I must have been wanting in benevolence; I must have been wanting in propriety - how should this have happened to me?" He examines himself, and is specially benevolent. He turns round upon himself, and is specially observant of propriety. The perversity and unreasonableness of the other, however, are still the same. The superior man will again turn round on himself, "I must have been failing to do my utmost." He turns round upon himself, and proceeds to do his utmost, but still the perversity and unreasonableness of the other are repeated. On this the superior man says, "This is a man utterly lost indeed! Since he conducts himself so, what is there to choose between him and a brute? Why should I go to contend with a brute?" Thus it is that the superior man has a life-long anxiety and not one morning's calamity. As to what is matter of anxiety to him, that indeed be has. He says, "Shun was a man, and I also am a man. But Shun became an example to all the kingdom, and his conduct was worthy to be handed down to after ages, while I am nothing better than a villager." This indeed is the proper matter of anxiety to him. And in what way is he anxious about it? Just that he maybe like Shun: then only will he stop. As to what the superior man would feel to be a calamity, there is no such thing. He does nothing which is not according to propriety. If there should befall him one morning's calamity, the superior man does not account it a calamity.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

孟子曰:「君子所以異於人者,以其存心也。君子以仁存心,以禮存心。 以仁禮存心,言以是存於心而不忘也。

仁者愛人,有禮者敬人。 此仁禮之施。

愛人者人恆愛之,敬人者人恆敬之。 恆,胡登反。此仁禮之驗。

有人於此,其待我以橫逆,則君子必自反也:我必不仁也,必無禮也,此物奚宜至哉? 橫,去聲,下同。橫逆,謂強暴不順理也。物,事也。

其自反而仁矣,自反而有禮矣,其橫逆由是也,君子必自反也:我必不忠。 由與猶同,下放此。忠者,盡己之謂。我必不忠,恐所以愛敬人者,有所不盡其心也。

自反而忠矣,其橫逆由是也,君子曰:『此亦妄人也已矣。如此則與禽獸奚擇哉?於禽獸又何難焉?』 難,去聲。奚擇,何異也。又何難焉,言不足與之校也。

是故君子有終身之憂,無一朝之患也。乃若所憂則有之:舜人也,我亦人也。舜為法於天下,可傳於後世,我由未免為鄉人也,是則可憂也。憂之如何?如舜而已矣。若夫君子所患則亡矣。非仁無為也,非禮無行也。如有一朝之患,則君子不患矣。」 夫,音扶。鄉人,鄉里之常人也。君子存心不苟,故無後憂。

禹、稷當平世,三過其門而不入,孔子賢之。顏子當亂世,居於陋巷。一簞食,一瓢飲。人不堪其憂,顏子不改其樂,孔子賢之。孟子曰:「禹、稷、顏回同道。禹思天下有溺者,由己溺之也;稷思天下有饑者,由己饑之也,是以如是其急也。禹、稷、顏子易地則皆然。今有同室之人鬥者,救之,雖被髮纓冠而救之,可也。鄉鄰有鬥者,被髮纓冠而往救之,則惑也,雖閉戶可也。」

Legge

Yu and Ji, in an age when the world was being brought back to order, thrice passed their doors without entering them. Confucius praised them. The disciple Yan, in an age of disorder, dwelt in a mean narrow lane, having his single bamboo-cup of rice, and his single gourd-dish of water; other men could not have endured the distress, but he did not allow his joy to be affected by it. Confucius praised him. Mencius said, 'Yu, Ji, and Yan Hui agreed in the principle of their conduct. Yu thought that if any one in the kingdom were drowned, it was as if he drowned him. Ji thought that if any one in the kingdom suffered hunger, it was as if he famished him. It was on this account that they were so earnest. If Yu and Ji, and Yanzi, had exchanged places, each would have done what the other did. Here now in the same apartment with you are people fighting - you ought to part them. Though you part them with your cap simply tied over your unbound hair, your conduct will be allowable. If the fighting be only in the village or neighbourhood, if you go to put an end to it with your cap tied over your hair unbound, you will be in error. Although you should shut your door in such a case, your conduct would be allowable.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

禹、稷當平世,三過其門而不入,孔子賢之。 事見前篇。

顏子當亂世,居於陋巷。一簞食,一瓢飲。人不堪其憂,顏子不改其樂,孔子賢之。 食,音嗣。樂,音洛。

孟子曰:「禹、稷、顏回同道。 聖賢之道,進則救民,退則修己,其心一而已矣。

禹思天下有溺者,由己溺之也;稷思天下有饑者,由己饑之也,是以如是其急也。 由,與猶同。禹稷身任其職,故以為己責而救之急也。

禹、稷、顏子易地則皆然。 聖賢之心無所偏倚,隨感而應,各盡其道。故使禹稷居顏子之地,則亦能樂顏子之樂;使顏子居禹稷之任,亦能憂禹稷之憂也。

今有同室之人鬥者,救之,雖被髮纓冠而救之,可也。 不暇束髮,而結纓往救,言急也。以喻禹稷。

鄉鄰有鬥者,被髮纓冠而往救之,則惑也,雖閉戶可也。」 喻顏子也。此章言聖賢心無不同,事則所遭或異;然處之各當其理,是乃所以為同也。尹氏曰:「當其可之謂時,前聖後聖,其心一也,故所遇皆盡善。」

公都子曰:「匡章,通國皆稱不焉。夫子與之遊,又從而貌之,敢問何也?」孟子曰:「世俗所謂不者五:惰其四支,不顧父母之養,一不也;博弈好飲酒,不顧父母之養,二不也;好貨財,私妻子,不顧父母之養,三不也;從耳目之欲,以為父母戮,四不也;好勇鬥很,以危父母,五不也。章子有一於是乎?夫章子,子父責善而不相遇也。責善,朋友之道也;父子責善,賊恩之大者。夫章子,豈不欲有夫妻子母之屬哉?為得罪於父,不得近。出妻屏子,終身不養焉。其設心以為不若是,是則罪之大者,是則章子已矣。

Legge

The disciple Gong Du said, 'Throughout the whole kingdom everybody pronounces Kuang Zhang unfilial. But you, Master, keep company with him, and moreover treat him with politeness. I venture to ask why you do so.'

Mencius replied, 'There are five things which are pronounced in the common usage of the age to be unfilial. The first is laziness in the use of one's four limbs, without attending to the nourishment of his parents. The second is gambling and chess-playing and being fond of wine, without attending to the nourishment of his parents. The third is being fond of goods and money, and selfishly attached to his wife and children, without attending to the nourishment of his parents. The fourth is following the desires of one's ears and eyes, so as to bring his parents to disgrace. The fifth is being fond of bravery, fighting and quarrelling so as to endanger his parents. Is Zhang guilty of any one of these things? Now between Zhang and his father there arose disagreement, he, the son, reproving his father, to urge him to what was good. To urge one another to what is good by reproofs is the way of friends. But such urging between father and son is the greatest injury to the kindness, which should prevail between them. Moreover, did not Zhang wish to have in his family the relationships of husband and wife, child and mother? But because he had offended his father, and was not permitted to approach him, he sent away his wife, and drove forth his son, and all his life receives no cherishing attention from them. He settled it in his mind that if he did not act in this way, his would be one of the greatest of crimes. Such and nothing more is the case of Zhang.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

公都子曰:「匡章,通國皆稱不孝焉。夫子與之遊,又從而禮貌之,敢問何也?」 匡章,齊人。通國,盡一國之人也。禮貌,敬之也。

孟子曰:「世俗所謂不孝者五:惰其四支,不顧父母之養,一不孝也;博弈好飲酒,不顧父母之養,二不孝也;好貨財,私妻子,不顧父母之養,三不孝也;從耳目之欲,以為父母戮,四不孝也;好勇鬥很,以危父母,五不孝也。章子有一於是乎? 好、養、從皆去聲。很,胡懇反。戮,羞辱也。很,忿戾也。

夫章子,子父責善而不相遇也。 夫,音扶。遇,合也。相責以善而不相合,故為父所逐也。

責善,朋友之道也;父子責善,賊恩之大者。 賊,害也。朋友當相責以善。父子行之,則害天性之恩也。

夫章子,豈不欲有夫妻子母之屬哉?為得罪於父,不得近。出妻屏子,終身不養焉。其設心以為不若是,是則罪之大者,是則章子已矣。 夫章之夫,音扶。為,去聲。屏,必井反。養,去聲。言章子非不欲身有夫妻之配、子有子母之屬,但為身不得近於父,故不敢受妻子之養,以自責罰。其心以為不如此,則其罪益大也。此章之旨,於眾所惡而必察焉,可以見聖賢至公至仁之心矣。楊氏曰:「章子之行,孟子非取之也,特哀其志而不與之絕耳。」

曾子居武城,有越寇。或曰:「寇至,盍去諸?」曰:「無寓人於我室,毀傷其薪木。」寇退,則曰:「修我牆屋,我將反。」寇退,曾子反。左右曰:「待先生,如此其忠且敬也。寇至則先去以為民望,寇退則反,殆於不可。」沈猶行曰:「是非汝所知也。昔沈猶有負芻之禍,從先生者七十人,未有與焉。」子思居於衛,有齊寇。或曰:「寇至,盍去諸?」子思曰:「如急去,君誰與守?」孟子曰:「曾子、子思同道。曾子,師也,父兄也;子思,臣也,微也。曾子、子思易地則皆然。」

Legge

When the philosopher Zeng dwelt in Wu Cheng, there came a band from Yue to plunder it. Someone said to him, 'The plunderers are coming - why not leave this?' Zeng on this left the city, saying to the man in charge of the house, 'Do not lodge any persons in my house, lest they break and injure the plants and trees.' When the plunderers withdrew, he sent word to him, saying, 'Repair the walls of my house. I am about to return.' When the plunderers retired, the philosopher Zeng returned accordingly. His disciples said, 'Since our master was treated with so much sincerity and respect, for him to be the first to go away on the arrival of the plunderers, so as to be observed by the people, and then to return on their retiring, appears to us to be improper.' Shen You Xing said, 'You do not understand this matter. Formerly, when Shen You was exposed to the outbreak of the grass-carriers, there were seventy disciples in our master's following, and none of them took part in the matter.'

When Zi Si was living in Wei, there came a band from Qi to plunder. Some one said to him, 'The plunderers are coming - why not leave this?' Zi Si said, 'If I go away, whom will the prince have to guard the State with?'

Mencius said, 'The philosophers Zeng and Zi Si agreed in the principle of their conduct. Zeng was a teacher - in the place of a father or elder brother. Zi Si was a minister - in a meaner place. If the philosophers Zeng and Zi Si had exchanged places the one would have done what the other did.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

曾子居武城,有越寇。或曰:「寇至,盍去諸?」曰:「無寓人於我室,毀傷其薪木。」寇退,則曰:「修我牆屋,我將反。」寇退,曾子反。左右曰:「待先生,如此其忠且敬也。寇至則先去以為民望,寇退則反,殆於不可。」沈猶行曰:「是非汝所知也。昔沈猶有負芻之禍,從先生者七十人,未有與焉。」 與,去聲。武城,魯邑名。盍,何不也。左右,曾子之門人也。忠敬,言武城之大夫事曾子,忠誠恭敬也。為民望,言使民望而效之。沈猶行,弟子姓名也。言曾子嘗捨於沈猶氏,時有負芻者作亂,來攻沈猶氏,曾子率其弟子去之,不與其難。言師賓不與臣同。

子思居於衛,有齊寇。或曰:「寇至,盍去諸?」子思曰:「如急去,君誰與守?」 言所以不去之意如此。

孟子曰:「曾子、子思同道。曾子,師也,父兄也;子思,臣也,微也。曾子、子思易地則皆然。」 微,猶賤也。尹氏曰:「或遠害,或死難,其事不同者,所處之地不同也。君子之心,不繫於利害,惟其是而已,故易地則皆能為之。」孔氏曰:「古之聖賢,言行不同,事業亦異,而其道未始不同也。學者知此,則因所遇而應之;若權衡之稱物,低昂屢變,而不害其為同也。」

儲子曰:「王使人瞷夫子,果有以異於人乎?」孟子曰:「何以異於人哉?堯舜與人同耳。」

Legge

The officer Chu said to Mencius, 'Master, the king sent persons to spy out whether you were really different from other men.'

Mencius said, 'How should I be different from other men? Yao and Shun were just the same as other men.'

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

瞷,古莧反。儲子,齊人也。瞷,竊視也。聖人亦人耳,豈有異於人哉?

齊人有一妻一妾而處室者,其良人出,則必饜酒肉而後反。其妻問所與飲食者,則盡富貴也。其妻告其妾曰:「良人出,則必饜酒肉而後反;問其與飲食者,盡富貴也,而未嘗有顯者來,吾將瞷良人之所之也。」蚤起,施從良人之所之,遍國中無與立談者。卒之東郭墦閒,之祭者,乞其餘;不足,又顧而之他,此其為饜足之道也。其妻歸,告其妾曰:「良人者,所仰望而終身也。今若此。」與其妾訕其良人,而相泣於中庭。而良人未之知也,施施從外來,驕其妻妾。由觀之,則人之所以求富貴利達者,其妻妾不羞也,而不相泣者,幾希矣。

Legge

A man of Qi had a wife and a concubine, and lived together with them in his house. When their husband went out, he would get himself well filled with wine and flesh, and then return, and, on his wife's asking him with whom he ate and drank, they were sure to be all wealthy and honourable people. The wife informed the concubine, saying, 'When our good man goes out, he is sure to come back having partaken plentifully of wine and flesh. I asked with whom he ate and drank, and they are all, it seems, wealthy and honourable people. And yet no people of distinction ever come here. I will spy out where our good man goes.'

Accordingly, she got up early in the morning, and privately followed wherever her husband went. Throughout the whole city, there was no one who stood or talked with him. At last, he came to those who were sacrificing among the tombs beyond the outer wall on the east, and begged what they had over. Not being satisfied, he looked about, and went to another party - and this was the way in which he got himself satiated. His wife returned, and informed the concubine, saying, 'It was to our husband that we looked up in hopeful contemplation, with whom our lot is cast for life - and now these are his ways!' On this, along with the concubine she reviled their husband, and they wept together in the middle hall. In the meantime the husband, knowing nothing of all this, came in with a jaunty air, carrying himself proudly to his wife and concubine.

In the view of a superior man, as to the ways by which men seek for riches, honours, gain, and advancement, there are few of their wives and concubines who would not be ashamed and weep together on account of them.

注 Zhu Xi 孟子集注

齊人有一妻一妾而處室者,其良人出,則必饜酒肉而後反。其妻問所與飲食者,則盡富貴也。其妻告其妾曰:「良人出,則必饜酒肉而後反;問其與飲食者,盡富貴也,而未嘗有顯者來,吾將瞷良人之所之也。」蚤起,施從良人之所之,遍國中無與立談者。卒之東郭墦閒,之祭者,乞其餘;不足,又顧而之他,此其為饜足之道也。其妻歸,告其妾曰:「良人者,所仰望而終身也。今若此。」與其妾訕其良人,而相泣於中庭。而良人未之知也,施施從外來,驕其妻妾。 施,音迤,又音易。墦,音燔。施施,如字。章首當有「孟子曰」字,闕文也。良人,夫也。饜,飽也。顯者,富貴人也。施,邪施而行,不使良人知也。墦,塚也。顧,望也。訕,怨詈也。施施,喜悅自得之貌。

由君子觀之,則人之所以求富貴利達者,其妻妾不羞也,而不相泣者,幾希矣。 孟子言自君子而觀,今之求富貴者,皆若此人耳。使其妻妾見之,不羞而泣者少矣,言可羞之甚也。趙氏曰:「言今之求富貴者,皆以枉曲之道,昏夜乞哀以求之,而以驕人於白日,與斯人何以異哉?」