The Doctrine of the Mean
命之謂,率之謂道,修道之謂教。道也者,不可須臾離也,可離非道也。是故戒慎乎其所不睹,恐懼乎其所不聞。莫見乎隱,莫顯乎微,故慎其獨也。喜怒哀樂之未發,謂之中;發而皆中節,謂之和。中也者,天下之大本也;和也者,天下之達道也。致中和,地位焉,萬物育焉。
What Heaven has conferred is called The Nature; an accordance with this nature is called The Path of duty; the regulation of this path is called Instruction. The path may not be left for an instant. If it could be left, it would not be the path. On this account, the superior man does not wait till he sees things, to be cautious, nor till he hears things, to be apprehensive. There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior man is watchful over himself, when he is alone. While there are no stirrings of pleasure, anger, sorrow, or joy, the mind may be said to be in the state of Equilibrium. When those feelings have been stirred, and they act in their due degree, there ensues what may be called the state of Harmony. This Equilibrium is the great root from which grow all the human actings in the world, and this Harmony is the universal path which they all should pursue. Let the states of equilibrium and harmony exist in perfection, and a happy order will prevail throughout heaven and earth, and all things will be nourished and flourish.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
天命之謂性,率性之謂道,修道之謂教。 命,猶令也。性,即理也。天以陰陽五行化生萬物,氣以成形,而理亦賦焉,猶命令也。於是人物之生,因各得其所賦之理,以為健順五常之德,所謂性也。率,循也。道,猶路也。人物各循其性之自然,則其日用事物之間,莫不各有當行之路,是則所謂道也。修,品節之也。性道雖同,而氣稟或異,故不能無過不及之差,聖人因人物之所當行者而品節之,以為法於天下,則謂之教,若禮、樂、刑、政之屬是也。蓋人之所以為人,道之所以為道,聖人之所以為教,原其所自,無一不本於天而備於我。學者知之,則其於學知所用力而自不能已矣。故子思於此首發明之,讀者所宜深體而默識也。
道也者,不可須臾離也,可離非道也。是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹,恐懼乎其所不聞。 離,去聲。○道者,日用事物當行之理,皆性之德而具於心,無物不有,無時不然,所以不可須臾離也。若其可離,則為外物而非道矣。是以君子之心常存敬畏,雖不見聞,亦不敢忽,所以存天理之本然,而不使離於須臾之頃也。
莫見乎隱,莫顯乎微,故君子慎其獨也。 見,音現。隱,暗處也。微,細事也。獨者,人所不知而己所獨知之地也。言幽暗之中,細微之事,跡雖未形而幾則已動,人雖不知而己獨知之,則是天下之事無有著見明顯而過於此者。是以君子既常戒懼,而於此尤加謹焉,所以遏人欲於將萌,而不使其滋長於隱微之中,以至離道之遠也。
喜怒哀樂之未發,謂之中;發而皆中節,謂之和。中也者,天下之大本也;和也者,天下之達道也。 樂,音洛。中節之中,去聲。喜、怒、哀、樂,情也。其未發,則性也,無所偏倚,故謂之中。發皆中節,情之正也,無所乖戾,故謂之和。大本者,天命之性,天下之理皆由此出,道之體也。達道者,循性之謂,天下古今之所共由,道之用也。此言性情之德,以明道不可離之意。
致中和,天地位焉,萬物育焉。 致,推而極之也。位者,安其所也。育者,遂其生也。自戒懼而約之,以至於至靜之中,無少偏倚,而其守不失,則極其中而天地位矣。自謹獨而精之,以至於應物之處,無少差謬,而無適不然,則極其和而萬物育矣。蓋天地萬物本吾一體,吾之心正,則天地之心亦正矣,吾之氣順,則天地之氣亦順矣。故其效驗至於如此。此學問之極功、聖人之能事,初非有待於外,而修道之教亦在其中矣。是其一體一用雖有動靜之殊,然必其體立而後用有以行,則其實亦非有兩事也。故於此合而言之,以結上文之意。
右第一章。子思述所傳之意以立言:首明道之本原出於天而不可易,其實體備於己而不可離,次言存養省察之要,終言聖神功化之極。蓋欲學者於此反求諸身而自得之,以去夫外誘之私,而充其本然之善,楊氏所謂一篇之體要是也。::其下十章,蓋子思引夫子之言,以終此章之義。
仲尼曰:「中庸,小人反中庸。之中庸也,而時中;小人之中庸也,小人而無忌憚也。」
Zhong-ni said, "The superior man embodies the course of the Mean; the mean man acts contrary to the course of the Mean. The superior man's embodying the course of the Mean is because he is a superior man, and so always maintains the Mean. The mean man's acting contrary to the course of the Mean is because he is a mean man, and has no caution."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
仲尼曰:「君子中庸,小人反中庸。 中庸者,不偏不倚、無過不及,而平常之理,乃天命所當然,精微之極致也。惟君子為能體之,小人反是。
君子之中庸也,君子而時中;小人之中庸也,小人而無忌憚也。」 王肅本作「小人之反中庸也」,程子亦以為然。今從之。君子之所以為中庸者,以其有君子之德,而又能隨時以處中也。小人之所以反中庸者,以其有小人之心,而又無所忌憚也。蓋中無定體,隨時而在,是乃平常之理也。君子知其在我,故能戒謹不睹、恐懼不聞,而無時不中。小人不知有此,則肆欲妄行,而無所忌憚矣。
右第二章。此下十章,皆論中庸以釋首章之義。文雖不屬,而意實相承也。變和言庸者,游氏曰:「以性情言之,則曰中和,以德行言之,則曰中庸是也。」然中庸之中,實兼中和之義。
子曰:「中庸其至矣乎!民鮮能久矣!」
The Master said, "Perfect is the virtue which is according to the Mean! Rare have they long been among the people, who could practice it!"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
鮮,上聲。下同。過則失中,不及則未至,故惟中庸之德為至。然亦人所同得,初無難事,但世教衰,民不興行,故鮮能之,今已久矣。《論語》無能字。
右第三章。
子曰:「道之不行也,我知之矣,知者過之,愚者不及也;道之不明也,我知之矣,賢者過之,不肖者不及也。人莫不飲食也,鮮能知味也。」
The Master said, "I know how it is that the path of the Mean is not walked in: The knowing go beyond it, and the stupid do not come up to it. I know how it is that the path of the Mean is not understood: The men of talents and virtue go beyond it, and the worthless do not come up to it. There is no body but eats and drinks. But they are few who can distinguish flavors."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「道之不行也,我知之矣,知者過之,愚者不及也;道之不明也,我知之矣,賢者過之,不肖者不及也。 知者之知,去聲。道者,天理之當然,中而已矣。知愚賢不肖之過不及,則生稟之異而失其中也。知者知之過,既以道為不足行;愚者不及知,又不知所以行,此道之所以常不行也。賢者行之過,既以道為不足知;不肖者不及行,又不求所以知,此道之所以常不明也。
人莫不飲食也,鮮能知味也。」 道不可離,人自不察,是以有過不及之弊。
右第四章。
子曰:「道其不行矣夫!」
The Master said, "Alas! How is the path of the Mean untrodden!"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
夫,音扶。由不明,故不行。
右第五章。此章承上章而舉其不行之端,以起下章之意。
子曰:「舜其大也與!舜好問而好察邇言,隱惡而揚善,執其兩端,用其中於民,其斯以為舜乎!」
The Master said, "There was Shun: He indeed was greatly wise! Shun loved to question others, and to study their words, though they might be shallow. He concealed what was bad in them and displayed what was good. He took hold of their two extremes, determined the Mean, and employed it in his government of the people. It was by this that he was Shun!"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
知,去聲。與,平聲。好,去聲。舜之所以為大知者,以其不自用而取諸人也。邇言者,淺近之言,猶必察焉,其無遺善可知。然於其言之未善者則隱而不宣,其善者則播而不匿,其廣大光明又如此,則人孰不樂告以善哉。兩端,謂衆論不同之極致。蓋凡物皆有兩端,如小大厚薄之類,於善之中又執其兩端,而量度以取中,然後用之,則其擇之審而行之至矣。然非在我之權度精切不差,何以與此。此知之所以無過不及,而道之所以行也。
右第六章。
子曰:「人皆曰『予知』,驅而納諸罟擭陷阱之中,而莫之知辟也。人皆曰『予知』,擇乎中庸而不能期月守也。」
The Master said "Men all say, 'We are wise'; but being driven forward and taken in a net, a trap, or a pitfall, they know not how to escape. Men all say, 'We are wise'; but happening to choose the course of the Mean, they are not able to keep it for a round month."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
予知之知,去聲。罟,音古。擭,胡化反。阱,才性反。辟,避同。期,居之反。罟,網也;擭,機檻也;陷阱,坑坎也;皆所以掩取禽獸者也。擇乎中庸,辨別衆理,以求所謂中庸,即上章好問用中之事也。期月,匝一月也。言知禍而不知辟,以況能擇而不能守,皆不得為知也。
右第七章。承上章大知而言,又舉不明之端,以起下章也。
子曰:「回之為人也,擇乎中庸,得一善,則拳拳服膺而弗失之矣。」
The Master said "This was the manner of Hui: he made choice of the Mean, and whenever he got hold of what was good, he clasped it firmly, as if wearing it on his breast, and did not lose it."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
回,孔子弟子顏淵名。拳拳,奉持之貌。服,猶著也。膺,胸也。奉持而著之心胸之間,言能守也。顏子蓋真知之,故能擇能守如此,此行之所以無過不及,而道之所以明也。
右第八章。
子曰:「天下國家可均也,爵祿可辭也,白刃可蹈也,中庸不可能也。」
The Master said, "The kingdom, its states, and its families, may be perfectly ruled; dignities and emoluments may be declined; naked weapons may be trampled under the feet; but the course of the Mean cannot be attained to."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
均,平治也。三者亦知仁勇之事,天下之至難也,然不必其合於中庸,則質之近似者皆能以力為之。若中庸,則雖不必皆如三者之難,然非義精仁熟,而無一毫人欲之私者,不能及也。三者難而易,中庸易而難,此民之所以鮮能也。
右第九章。亦承上章以起下章。
子路問強。子曰:「南方之強與?北方之強與?抑而強與?寬柔以教,不報無道,南方之強也,居之。衽金革,死而不厭,北方之強也,而強者居之。故和而不流,強哉矯!中立而不倚,強哉矯!國有道,不變塞焉,強哉矯!國無道,至死不變,強哉矯!」
Zi-lu asked about energy. The Master said, "Do you mean the energy of the South, the energy of the North, or the energy which you should cultivate yourself? To show forbearance and gentleness in teaching others; and not to revenge unreasonable conduct - this is the energy of southern regions, and the good man makes it his study. To lie under arms; and meet death without regret - this is the energy of northern regions, and the forceful make it their study. Therefore, the superior man cultivates a friendly harmony, without being weak. How firm is he in his energy! He stands erect in the middle, without inclining to either side. How firm is he in his energy! When good principles prevail in the government of his country, he does not change from what he was in retirement. How firm is he in his energy! When bad principles prevail in the country, he maintains his course to death without changing. How firm is he in his energy!"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子路問強。 子路,孔子弟子仲由也。子路好勇,故問強。
子曰:「南方之強與?北方之強與?抑而強與? 與,平聲。抑,語辭。而,汝也。
寬柔以教,不報無道,南方之強也,君子居之。 寬柔以教,謂含容巽順以誨人之不及也。不報無道,謂橫逆之來,直受之而不報也。南方風氣柔弱,故以含忍之力勝人為強,君子之道也。
衽金革,死而不厭,北方之強也,而強者居之。 衽,席也。金,戈兵之屬。革,甲冑之屬。北方風氣剛勁,故以果敢之力勝人為強,強者之事也。
故君子和而不流,強哉矯!中立而不倚,強哉矯!國有道,不變塞焉,強哉矯!國無道,至死不變,強哉矯!」 此四者,汝之所當強也。矯,強貌。《詩》曰「矯矯虎臣」是也。倚,偏著也。塞,未達也。國有道,不變未達之所守;國無道,不變平生之所守也。此則所謂中庸之不可能者,非有以自勝其人欲之私,不能擇而守也。君子之強,孰大於是。夫子以是告子路者,所以抑其血氣之剛,而進之以德義之勇也。
右第十章。
子曰:「素隱行怪,後世有述焉,吾弗為之矣。遵道而行,半塗而廢,吾弗能已矣。依乎中庸,遯世不見知而不悔,唯聖者能之。」
The Master said, "To live in obscurity, and yet practice wonders, in order to be mentioned with honor in future ages:-this is what I do not do. The good man tries to proceed according to the right path, but when he has gone halfway, he abandons it:-I am not able so to stop. The superior man accords with the course of the Mean. Though he may be all unknown, unregarded by the world, he feels no regret. It is only the sage who is able for this.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「素隱行怪,後世有述焉,吾弗為之矣。 素,按《漢書》當作索,蓋字之誤也。索隱行怪,言深求隱僻之理,而過為詭異之行也。然以其足以欺世而盜名,故後世或有稱述之者。此知之過而不擇乎善,行之過而不用其中,不當強而強者也,聖人豈為之哉!
君子遵道而行,半塗而廢,吾弗能已矣。 遵道而行,則能擇乎善矣;半塗而廢,則力之不足也。此其知雖足以及之,而行有不逮,當強而不強者也。已,止也。聖人於此,非勉焉而不敢廢,蓋至誠無息,自有所不能止也。
君子依乎中庸,遯世不見知而不悔,唯聖者能之。」 不為索隱行怪,則依乎中庸而已。不能半塗而廢,是以遯世不見知而不悔也。此中庸之成德,知之盡、仁之至、不賴勇而裕如者,正吾夫子之事,而猶不自居也。故曰唯聖者能之而已。
右第十一章。子思所引夫子之言,以明首章之義者止此。蓋此篇大旨,以知仁勇三達德為入道之門。故於篇首,即以大舜、顏淵、子路之事明之。舜,知也;顏淵,仁也;子路,勇也:三者廢其一,則無以造道而成德矣。余見第二十章。
之道費而隱。夫婦之愚,可以與知焉,及其至也,雖聖人亦有所不知焉;夫婦之不肖,可以能行焉,及其至也,雖聖人亦有所不能焉。地之大也,人猶有所憾。故語大,天下莫能載焉;語小,天下莫能破焉。《詩》云:「鳶飛戾,魚躍於淵。」言其上下察也。之道,造端乎夫婦;及其至也,察乎地。。
The way which the superior man pursues, reaches wide and far, and yet is secret. Common men and women, however ignorant, may intermeddle with the knowledge of it; yet in its utmost reaches, there is that which even the sage does not know. Common men and women, however much below the ordinary standard of character, can carry it into practice; yet in its utmost reaches, there is that which even the sage is not able to carry into practice. Great as heaven and earth are, men still find some things in them with which to be dissatisfied. Thus it is that, were the superior man to speak of his way in all its greatness, nothing in the world would be found able to embrace it, and were he to speak of it in its minuteness, nothing in the world would be found able to split it. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "The hawk flies up to heaven; the fishes leap in the deep." This expresses how this way is seen above and below. The way of the superior man may be found, in its simple elements, in the intercourse of common men and women; but in its utmost reaches, it shines brightly through heaven and earth.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
君子之道費而隱。 費,符味反。○費,用之廣也。隱,體之微也。
夫婦之愚,可以與知焉,及其至也,雖聖人亦有所不知焉;夫婦之不肖,可以能行焉,及其至也,雖聖人亦有所不能焉。天地之大也,人猶有所憾。故君子語大,天下莫能載焉;語小,天下莫能破焉。 與,去聲。君子之道,近自夫婦居室之間,遠而至於聖人天地之所不能盡,其大無外,其小無內,可謂費矣。然其理之所以然,則隱而莫之見也。蓋可知可能者,道中之一事,及其至而聖人不知不能。則舉全體而言,聖人固有所不能盡也。侯氏曰:「聖人所不知,如孔子問禮問官之類;所不能,如孔子不得位、堯舜病博施之類。」愚謂人所憾於天地,如覆載生成之偏,及寒暑災祥之不得其正者。
《詩》云:「鳶飛戾天,魚躍於淵。」言其上下察也。 鳶,余專反。《詩·大雅·旱麓》之篇。鳶,鴟類。戾,至也。察,著也。子思引此詩以明化育流行,上下昭著,莫非此理之用,所謂費也。然其所以然者,則非見聞所及,所謂隱也。故程子曰:「此一節,子思吃緊為人處,活潑潑地,讀者其致思焉。」
君子之道,造端乎夫婦;及其至也,察乎天地。 結上文
右第十二章。子思之言,蓋以申明首章道不可離之意也。其下八章,雜引孔子之言以明之。
子曰:「道不遠人。人之為道而遠人,不可以為道。《詩》云:『伐柯伐柯,其則不遠。』執柯以伐柯,睨而視之,猶以為遠。故以人治人,改而止。忠恕違道不遠,施諸己而不願,亦勿施於人。之道四,丘未能一焉:所求乎子,以事父未能也;所求乎臣,以事君未能也;所求乎弟,以事兄未能也;所求乎朋友,先施之未能也。庸德之行,庸言之謹,有所不足,不敢不勉,有餘不敢盡;言顧行,行顧言,胡不慥慥爾!」
The Master said "The path is not far from man. When men try to pursue a course, which is far from the common indications of consciousness, this course cannot be considered The Path. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, 'In hewing an ax handle, in hewing an ax handle, the pattern is not far off. We grasp one ax handle to hew the other; and yet, if we look askance from the one to the other, we may consider them as apart. Therefore, the superior man governs men, according to their nature, with what is proper to them, and as soon as they change what is wrong, he stops. When one cultivates to the utmost the principles of his nature, and exercises them on the principle of reciprocity, he is not far from the path. What you do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others. In the way of the superior man there are four things, to not one of which have I as yet attained.-To serve my father, as I would require my son to serve me: to this I have not attained; to serve my prince as I would require my minister to serve me: to this I have not attained; to serve my elder brother as I would require my younger brother to serve me: to this I have not attained; to set the example in behaving to a friend, as I would require him to behave to me: to this I have not attained. Earnest in practicing the ordinary virtues, and careful in speaking about them, if, in his practice, he has anything defective, the superior man dares not but exert himself; and if, in his words, he has any excess, he dares not allow himself such license. Thus his words have respect to his actions, and his actions have respect to his words; is it not just an entire sincerity which marks the superior man?
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「道不遠人。人之為道而遠人,不可以為道。 道者,率性而已,固衆人之所能知能行者也,故常不遠於人。若為道者,厭其卑近以為不足為,而反務為高遠難行之事,則非所以為道矣。
《詩》云:『伐柯伐柯,其則不遠。』執柯以伐柯,睨而視之,猶以為遠。故君子以人治人,改而止。 睨,研計反。《詩·豳風·伐柯》之篇。柯,斧柄。則,法也。睨,邪視也。言人執柯伐木以為柯者,彼柯長短之法,在此柯耳。然猶有彼此之別,故伐者視之猶以為遠也。若以人治人,則所以為人之道,各在當人之身,初無彼此之別。故君子之治人也,即以其人之道,還治其人之身。其人能改,即止不治。蓋責之以其所能知能行,非欲其遠人以為道也。張子所謂「以衆人望人則易從」是也。
忠恕違道不遠,施諸己而不願,亦勿施於人。 盡己之心為忠,推己及人為恕。違,去也,如春秋傳「齊師違谷七里」之違。言自此至彼,相去不遠,非背而去之之謂也。道,即其不遠人者是也。施諸己而不願亦勿施於人,忠恕之事也。以己之心度人之心,未嘗不同,則道之不遠於人者可見。故己之所不欲,則勿以施之於人,亦不遠人以為道之事。張子所謂「以愛己之心愛人則盡仁」是也。
君子之道四,丘未能一焉:所求乎子,以事父未能也;所求乎臣,以事君未能也;所求乎弟,以事兄未能也;所求乎朋友,先施之未能也。庸德之行,庸言之謹,有所不足,不敢不勉,有餘不敢盡;言顧行,行顧言,君子胡不慥慥爾!」 子、臣、弟、友,四字絕句。求,猶責也。道不遠人,凡己之所以責人者,皆道之所當然也,故反之以自責而自修焉。庸,平常也。行者,踐其實。謹者,擇其可。德不足而勉,則行益力;言有餘而訒,則謹益至。謹之至則言顧行矣;行之力則行顧言矣。慥慥,篤實貌。言君子之言行如此,豈不慥慥乎,讚美之也。凡此皆不遠人以為道之事。張子所謂「以責人之心責己則盡道」是也。
右第十三章。道不遠人者,夫婦所能,丘未能一者,聖人所不能,皆費也。而其所以然者,則至隱存焉。下章放此。
素其位而行,不願乎其外。素富貴,行乎富貴;素貧賤,行乎貧賤;素夷狄,行乎夷狄;素患難,行乎患難;無入而不自得焉。在上位不陵下,在下位不援上,正己而不求於人則無怨。上不怨,下不尤人。故居易以俟命,小人行險以徼幸。子曰:「射有似乎;失諸正鵠,反求諸其身。」
The superior man does what is proper to the station in which he is; he does not desire to go beyond this. In a position of wealth and honor, he does what is proper to a position of wealth and honor. In a poor and low position, he does what is proper to a poor and low position. Situated among barbarous tribes, he does what is proper to a situation among barbarous tribes. In a position of sorrow and difficulty, he does what is proper to a position of sorrow and difficulty. The superior man can find himself in no situation in which he is not himself. In a high situation, he does not treat with contempt his inferiors. In a low situation, he does not court the favor of his superiors. He rectifies himself, and seeks for nothing from others, so that he has no dissatisfactions. He does not murmur against Heaven, nor grumble against men. Thus it is that the superior man is quiet and calm, waiting for the appointments of Heaven, while the mean man walks in dangerous paths, looking for lucky occurrences.
The Master said, "In archery we have something like the way of the superior man. When the archer misses the center of the target, he turns round and seeks for the cause of his failure in himself.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
君子素其位而行,不願乎其外。 素,猶見在也。言君子但因見在所居之位而為其所當為,無慕乎其外之心也。
素富貴,行乎富貴;素貧賤,行乎貧賤;素夷狄,行乎夷狄;素患難,行乎患難;君子無入而不自得焉。 難,去聲。此言素其位而行也。
在上位不陵下,在下位不援上,正己而不求於人則無怨。上不怨天,下不尤人。 援,平聲。此言不願乎其外也。
故君子居易以俟命,小人行險以徼幸。 易,去聲。易,平地也。居易,素位而行也。俟命,不願乎外也。徼,求也。幸,謂所不當得而得者。
子曰:「射有似乎君子;失諸正鵠,反求諸其身。」 正,音征。鵠,工毒反。畫布曰正,棲皮曰鵠,皆侯之中,射之的也。子思引此孔子之言,以結上文之意。
右第十四章。子思之言也。凡章首無「子曰」字者放此。
之道,辟如行遠必自邇,辟如登高必自卑。《詩》曰:「妻子好合,如鼓瑟琴;兄弟既翕,和樂且耽;宜爾室家;樂爾妻帑。」子曰:「父母其順矣乎!」
The way of the superior man may be compared to what takes place in traveling, when to go to a distance we must first traverse the space that is near, and in ascending a height, when we must begin from the lower ground. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Happy union with wife and children is like the music of lutes and harps. When there is concord among brethren, the harmony is delightful and enduring. Thus may you regulate your family, and enjoy the pleasure of your wife and children." The Master said, "In such a state of things, parents have entire complacence!"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
君子之道,辟如行遠必自邇,辟如登高必自卑。 辟、譬同。
《詩》曰:「妻子好合,如鼓瑟琴;兄弟既翕,和樂且耽;宜爾室家;樂爾妻帑。」 好,去聲。耽,《詩》作湛,亦音耽。樂,音洛。《詩·小雅·常棣》之篇。鼓瑟琴,和也。翕,亦合也。耽,亦樂也。帑,子孫也
子曰:「父母其順矣乎!」 夫子誦此詩而贊之曰:人能和於妻子,宜于兄弟如此,則父母其安樂之矣。子思引《詩》及此語,以明行遠自邇、登高自卑之意。
右第十五章。
子曰:「鬼神之為德,其盛矣乎!視之而弗見,聽之而弗聞,體物而不可遺。使天下之人齊明盛服,以承祭祀。洋洋乎!如在其上,如在其左右。《詩》曰:『神之格思,不可度思!矧可射思!』夫微之顯,之不可揜如此夫。」
The Master said, "How abundantly do spiritual beings display the powers that belong to them! We look for them, but do not see them; we listen to, but do not hear them; yet they enter into all things, and there is nothing without them. They cause all the people in the kingdom to fast and purify themselves, and array themselves in their richest dresses, in order to attend at their sacrifices. Then, like overflowing water, they seem to be over the heads, and on the right and left of their worshippers. It is said in the Book of Poetry, 'The approaches of the spirits, you cannot surmise; and can you treat them with indifference?' Such is the manifestness of what is minute! Such is the impossibility of repressing the outgoings of sincerity!"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「鬼神之為德,其盛矣乎! 程子曰:「鬼神,天地之功用,而造化之跡也。」張子曰:「鬼神者,二氣之良能也。」愚謂以二氣言,則鬼者陰之靈也,神者陽之靈也。以一氣言,則至而伸者為神,反而歸者為鬼,其實一物而已。為德,猶言性情功效。
視之而弗見,聽之而弗聞,體物而不可遺。 鬼神無形與聲,然物之終始,莫非陰陽合散之所為,是其為物之體,而物所不能遺也。其言體物,猶易所謂幹事。
使天下之人齊明盛服,以承祭祀。洋洋乎!如在其上,如在其左右。 齊,側皆反。齊之為言齊也,所以齊不齊而致其齊也。明,猶潔也。洋洋,流動充滿之意。能使人畏敬奉承,而發見昭著如此,乃其體物而不可遺之驗也。孔子曰:「其氣發揚於上,為昭明焄蒿淒愴。此百物之精也,神之著也」,正謂此爾。
《詩》曰:『神之格思,不可度思!矧可射思!』 度,待洛反。射,音亦,《詩》作斁。《詩·大雅·抑》之篇。格,來也。矧,況也。射,厭也,言厭怠而不敬也。思,語辭。
夫微之顯,誠之不可揜如此夫。」 夫,音扶。誠者,真實無妄之謂。陰陽合散,無非實者。故其發見之不可揜如此。
右第十六章。不見不聞,隱也。體物如在,則亦費矣。此前三章,以其費之小者而言。此後三章,以其費之大者而言。此一章,兼費隱、包大小而言。
子曰:「舜其大也與!德為聖人,尊為天子,富有四海之內。宗廟饗之,子孫保之。故大德必得其位,必得其祿,必得其名,必得其壽。故之生物,必因其材而篤焉。故栽者培之,傾者覆之,《詩》曰:『嘉樂,憲憲令德!宜民宜人;受祿於;保佑命之,自申之!』故大德者必受命。」
The Master said, "How greatly filial was Shun! His virtue was that of a sage; his dignity was the throne; his riches were all within the four seas. He offered his sacrifices in his ancestral temple, and his descendants preserved the sacrifices to himself. Therefore having such great virtue, it could not but be that he should obtain the throne, that he should obtain those riches, that he should obtain his fame, that he should attain to his long life. Thus it is that Heaven, in the production of things, is sure to be bountiful to them, according to their qualities. Hence the tree that is flourishing, it nourishes, while that which is ready to fall, it overthrows. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, 'The admirable amiable prince displayed conspicuously his excelling virtue, adjusting his people, and adjusting his officers. Therefore, he received from Heaven his emoluments of dignity. It protected him, assisted him, decreed him the throne; sending from Heaven these favors, as it were repeatedly.' We may say therefore that he who is greatly virtuous will be sure to receive the appointment of Heaven."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「舜其大孝也與!德為聖人,尊為天子,富有四海之內。宗廟饗之,子孫保之。 與,平聲。子孫,謂虞思、陳胡公之屬。
故大德必得其位,必得其祿,必得其名,必得其壽。 舜年百有十歲,
故天之生物,必因其材而篤焉。故栽者培之,傾者覆之, 材,質也。篤,厚也。栽,植也。氣至而滋息為培。氣反而游散則覆。
《詩》曰:『嘉樂君子,憲憲令德!宜民宜人;受祿於天;保佑命之,自天申之!』 《詩·大雅·假樂》之篇。假,當依此作嘉。憲,當依《詩》作顯。申,重也。
故大德者必受命。」 受命者,受天命為天子也。
右第十七章。此由庸行之常,推之以極其至,見道之用廣也。而其所以然者,則為體微矣。後二章亦此意。
子曰:「無憂者其惟文王乎!以王季為父,以武王為子,父作之,子述之。武王纘大王、王季、文王之緒。壹戎衣而有天下,身不失天下之顯名。尊為天子,富有四海之內。宗廟饗之,子孫保之。武王末受命,周公成文武之德,追王大王、王季,上祀先公以天子之。斯也,達乎諸侯大夫,及士庶人。父為大夫,子為士;葬以大夫,祭以士。父為士,子為大夫;葬以士,祭以大夫。期之喪達乎大夫,三年之喪達乎天子,父母之喪無貴賤一也。」
The Master said, "It is only King Wen of whom it can be said that he had no cause for grief! His father was King Ji, and his son was King Wu. His father laid the foundations of his dignity, and his son transmitted it. King Wu continued the enterprise of King Tai, King Ji, and King Wen. He once buckled on his armor, and got possession of the kingdom. He did not lose the distinguished personal reputation which he had throughout the kingdom. His dignity was the royal throne. His riches were the possession of all within the four seas. He offered his sacrifices in his ancestral temple, and his descendants maintained the sacrifices to himself. It was in his old age that King Wu received the appointment to the throne, and the duke of Zhou completed the virtuous course of Wen and Wu. He carried up the title of king to Tai and Ji, and sacrificed to all the former dukes above them with the royal ceremonies. And this rule he extended to the princes of the kingdom, the great officers, the scholars, and the common people. If the father were a great officer and the son a scholar, then the burial was that due to a great officer, and the sacrifice that due to a scholar. If the father were a scholar and the son a great officer, then the burial was that due to a scholar, and the sacrifice that due to a great officer. The one year's mourning was made to extend only to the great officers, but the three years' mourning extended to the Son of Heaven. In the mourning for a father or mother, he allowed no difference between the noble and the mean.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「無憂者其惟文王乎!以王季為父,以武王為子,父作之,子述之。 此言文王之事。《書》言「王季其勤王家」,蓋其所作,亦積功累仁之事也。
武王纘大王、王季、文王之緒。壹戎衣而有天下,身不失天下之顯名。尊為天子,富有四海之內。宗廟饗之,子孫保之。 大,音泰,下同。此言武王之事。纘,繼也。大王,王季之父也。《書》云:「大王肇基王跡。」《詩》云「至於大王,實始翦商。」緒,業也。戎衣,甲冑之屬。壹戎衣,武成文,言一著戎衣以伐紂也。
武王末受命,周公成文武之德,追王大王、王季,上祀先公以天子之禮。斯禮也,達乎諸侯大夫,及士庶人。父為大夫,子為士;葬以大夫,祭以士。父為士,子為大夫;葬以士,祭以大夫。期之喪達乎大夫,三年之喪達乎天子,父母之喪無貴賤一也。」 追王之王,去聲。此言周公之事。末,猶老也。追王,蓋推文武之意,以及乎王跡之所起也。先公,組紺以上至后稷也。上祀先公以天子之禮,又推大王、王季之意,以及於無窮也。制為禮法,以及天下,使葬用死者之爵,祭用生者之祿。喪服自期以下,諸侯絕;大夫降;而父母之喪,上下同之,推己以及人也。
右第十八章。
子曰:「武王、周公,其達矣乎!夫者:善繼人之志,善述人之事者也。春秋修其祖廟,陳其宗器,設其裳衣,薦其時食。宗廟之,所以序昭穆也;序爵,所以辨貴賤也;序事,所以辨賢也;旅酬下為上,所以逮賤也;燕毛,所以序齒也。踐其位,行其,奏其樂,敬其所尊,愛其所親,事死如事生,事亡如事存,之至也。郊社之,所以事上帝也,宗廟之,所以祀乎其先也。明乎郊社之、禘嘗之,治國其如示諸掌乎。」
The Master said, "How far-extending was the filial piety of King Wu and the duke of Zhou! Now filial piety is seen in the skillful carrying out of the wishes of our forefathers, and the skillful carrying forward of their undertakings. In spring and autumn, they repaired and beautified the temple halls of their fathers, set forth their ancestral vessels, displayed their various robes, and presented the offerings of the several seasons. By means of the ceremonies of the ancestral temple, they distinguished the royal kindred according to their order of descent. By ordering the parties present according to their rank, they distinguished the more noble and the less. By the arrangement of the services, they made a distinction of talents and worth. In the ceremony of general pledging, the inferiors presented the cup to their superiors, and thus something was given the lowest to do. At the concluding feast, places were given according to the hair, and thus was made the distinction of years. They occupied the places of their forefathers, practiced their ceremonies, and performed their music. They reverenced those whom they honored, and loved those whom they regarded with affection. Thus they served the dead as they would have served them alive; they served the departed as they would have served them had they been continued among them - the height of filial piety. By the ceremonies of the sacrifices to Heaven and Earth they served God, and by the ceremonies of the ancestral temple they sacrificed to their ancestors. He who understands the ceremonies of the sacrifices to Heaven and Earth, and the meaning of the several sacrifices to ancestors, would find the government of a kingdom as easy as to look into his palm!"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「武王、周公,其達孝矣乎! 達,通也。承上章而言武王、周公之孝,乃天下之人通謂之孝,猶孟子之言達尊也。
夫孝者:善繼人之志,善述人之事者也。 上章言武王纘大王、王季、文王之緒以有天下,而周公成文武之德以追崇其先祖,此繼志述事之大者也。下文又以其所制祭祀之禮,通於上下者言之。
春秋修其祖廟,陳其宗器,設其裳衣,薦其時食。 祖廟:天子七,諸侯五,大夫三,適士二,官師一。宗器,先世所藏之重器;若周之赤刀、大訓、天球、河圖之屬也。裳衣,先祖之遺衣服,祭則設之以授屍也。時食,四時之食,各有其物,如春行羔、豚、膳、膏、香之類是也。
宗廟之禮,所以序昭穆也;序爵,所以辨貴賤也;序事,所以辨賢也;旅酬下為上,所以逮賤也;燕毛,所以序齒也。 昭,如字。為,去聲。宗廟之次:左為昭,右為穆,而子孫亦以為序。有事於太廟,則子姓、兄弟、群昭、群穆鹹在而不失其倫焉。爵,公、侯、卿、大夫也。事,宗祝有司之職事也。旅,衆也。酬,導飲也。旅酬之禮,賓弟子、兄弟之子各舉觶於其長而衆相酬。蓋宗廟之中以有事為榮,故逮及賤者,使亦得以申其敬也。燕毛,祭畢而燕,則以毛髮之色別長幼,為坐次也。齒,年數也。
踐其位,行其禮,奏其樂,敬其所尊,愛其所親,事死如事生,事亡如事存,孝之至也。 踐,猶履也。其,指先王也。所尊所親,先王之祖考、子孫、臣庶也。始死謂之死,既葬則曰反而亡焉,皆指先王也。此結上文兩節,皆繼志述事之意也。
郊社之禮,所以事上帝也,宗廟之禮,所以祀乎其先也。明乎郊社之禮、禘嘗之義,治國其如示諸掌乎。」 郊,祀天。社,祭地。不言后土者,省文也。禘,天子宗廟之大祭,追祭太祖之所自出於太廟,而以太祖配之也。嘗,秋祭也。四時皆祭,舉其一耳。禮必有義,對舉之,互文也。示,與視同。視諸掌,言易見也。此與《論語》文意大同小異,記有詳略耳。
右第十九章。
哀公問政。子曰:「文武之政,布在方策。其人存,則其政舉;其人亡,則其政息。人道敏政,地道敏樹。夫政也者,蒲盧也。故為政在人,取人以身,修身以道,修道以。者人也,親親為大;者宜也,尊賢為大;親親之殺,尊賢之等,所生也。在下位不獲乎上,民不可得而治矣!故不可以不修身;思修身,不可以不事親;思事親,不可以不知人;思知人,不可以不知。」天下之達道五,所以行之者三:曰君臣也,父子也,夫婦也,昆弟也,朋友之交也:五者天下之達道也。、、勇三者,天下之達德也,所以行之者一也。或生而知之,或學而知之,或困而知之,及其知之一也;或安而行之,或利而行之,或勉強而行之,及其成功一也。子曰:「好學近乎,力行近乎,知恥近乎勇。知斯三者,則知所以修身;知所以修身,則知所以治人;知所以治人,則知所以治天下國家矣。」凡為天下國家有九經,曰:修身也,尊賢也,親親也,敬大臣也,體群臣也,子庶民也,來百工也,柔遠人也,懷諸侯也。修身則道立,尊賢則不惑,親親則諸父昆弟不怨,敬大臣則不眩,體群臣則士之報重,子庶民則百姓勸,來百工則財用足,柔遠人則四方歸之,懷諸侯則天下畏之。齊明盛服,非不動,所以修身也;去讒遠色,賤貨而貴德,所以勸賢也;尊其位,重其祿,同其好惡,所以勸親親也;官盛任使,所以勸大臣也;忠重祿,所以勸士也;時使薄斂,所以勸百姓也;日省月試,既稟稱事,所以勸百工也;送往迎來,嘉善而矜不能,所以柔遠人也;繼絕世,舉廢國,治亂持危,朝聘以時,厚往而薄來,所以懷諸侯也。凡為天下國家有九經,所以行之者一也。凡事豫則立,不豫則廢。言前定則不跲,事前定則不困,行前定則不疚,道前定則不窮。在下位不獲乎上,民不可得而治矣;獲乎上有道:不乎朋友,不獲乎上矣;乎朋友有道:不順乎親,不乎朋友矣;順乎親有道:反諸身不,不順乎親矣;身有道:不明乎善,不乎身矣。者,之道也;之者,人之道也。者不勉而中,不思而得,從容中道,聖人也。之者,擇善而固執之者也。博學之,審問之,慎思之,明辨之,篤行之。有弗學,學之弗能弗措也;有弗問,問之弗知弗措也;有弗思,思之弗得弗措也;有弗辨,辨之弗明弗措也;有弗行,行之弗篤弗措也;人一能之己百之,人十能之己千之。果能此道矣,雖愚必明,雖柔必強。
The Duke Ai asked about government. The Master said, "The government of Wen and Wu is displayed in the records - the tablets of wood and bamboo. Let there be the men and the government will flourish; but without the men, their government decays and ceases. With the right men the growth of government is rapid, just as vegetation is rapid in the earth; and, moreover, their government might be called an easily-growing rush. Therefore the administration of government lies in getting proper men. Such men are to be got by means of the ruler's own character. That character is to be cultivated by his treading in the ways of duty. And the treading those ways of duty is to be cultivated by the cherishing of benevolence. Benevolence is the characteristic element of humanity, and the great exercise of it is in loving relatives. Righteousness is the accordance of actions with what is right, and the great exercise of it is in honoring the worthy. The decreasing measures of the love due to relatives, and the steps in the honor due to the worthy, are produced by the principle of propriety. When those in inferior situations do not possess the confidence of their superiors, they cannot retain the government of the people. Hence the sovereign may not neglect the cultivation of his own character. Wishing to cultivate his character, he may not neglect to serve his parents. In order to serve his parents, he may not neglect to acquire knowledge of men. In order to know men, he may not dispense with a knowledge of Heaven. The duties of universal obligation are five and the virtues wherewith they are practiced are three. The duties are those between sovereign and minister, between father and son, between husband and wife, between elder brother and younger, and those belonging to the intercourse of friends. Those five are the duties of universal obligation. Knowledge, magnanimity, and energy, these three, are the virtues universally binding. And the means by which they carry the duties into practice is singleness. Some are born with the knowledge of those duties; some know them by study; and some acquire the knowledge after a painful feeling of their ignorance. But the knowledge being possessed, it comes to the same thing. Some practice them with a natural ease; some from a desire for their advantages; and some by strenuous effort. But the achievement being made, it comes to the same thing."
The Master said, "To be fond of learning is to be near to knowledge. To practice with vigor is to be near to magnanimity. To possess the feeling of shame is to be near to energy. He who knows these three things knows how to cultivate his own character. Knowing how to cultivate his own character, he knows how to govern other men. Knowing how to govern other men, he knows how to govern the kingdom with all its states and families. All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have nine standard rules to follow;-viz., the cultivation of their own characters; the honoring of men of virtue and talents; affection towards their relatives; respect towards the great ministers; kind and considerate treatment of the whole body of officers; dealing with the mass of the people as children; encouraging the resort of all classes of artisans; indulgent treatment of men from a distance; and the kindly cherishing of the princes of the states. By the ruler's cultivation of his own character, the duties of universal obligation are set forth. By honoring men of virtue and talents, he is preserved from errors of judgment. By showing affection to his relatives, there is no grumbling nor resentment among his uncles and brethren. By respecting the great ministers, he is kept from errors in the practice of government. By kind and considerate treatment of the whole body of officers, they are led to make the most grateful return for his courtesies. By dealing with the mass of the people as his children, they are led to exhort one another to what is good. By encouraging the resort of an classes of artisans, his resources for expenditure are rendered ample. By indulgent treatment of men from a distance, they are brought to resort to him from all quarters. And by kindly cherishing the princes of the states, the whole kingdom is brought to revere him. Self-adjustment and purification, with careful regulation of his dress, and the not making a movement contrary to the rules of propriety this is the way for a ruler to cultivate his person. Discarding slanderers, and keeping himself from the seductions of beauty; making light of riches, and giving honor to virtue-this is the way for him to encourage men of worth and talents. Giving them places of honor and large emolument. and sharing with them in their likes and dislikes-this is the way for him to encourage his relatives to love him. Giving them numerous officers to discharge their orders and commissions:-this is the way for him to encourage the great ministers. According to them a generous confidence, and making their emoluments large:-this is the way to encourage the body of officers. Employing them only at the proper times, and making the imposts light:-this is the way to encourage the people. By daily examinations and monthly trials, and by making their rations in accordance with their labors:-this is the way to encourage the classes of artisans. To escort them on their departure and meet them on their coming; to commend the good among them, and show compassion to the incompetent:-this is the way to treat indulgently men from a distance. To restore families whose line of succession has been broken, and to revive states that have been extinguished; to reduce to order states that are in confusion, and support those which are in peril; to have fixed times for their own reception at court, and the reception of their envoys; to send them away after liberal treatment, and welcome their coming with small contributions: this is the way to cherish the princes of the states. All who have the government of the kingdom with its states and families have the above nine standard rules. And the means by which they are carried into practice is singleness.
"In all things success depends on previous preparation, and without such previous preparation there is sure to be failure. If what is to be spoken be previously determined, there will be no stumbling. If affairs be previously determined, there will be no difficulty with them. If one's actions have been previously determined, there will be no sorrow in connection with them. If principles of conduct have been previously determined, the practice of them will be inexhaustible. When those in inferior situations do not obtain the confidence of the sovereign, they cannot succeed in governing the people. There is a way to obtain the confidence of the sovereign;-if one is not trusted by his friends, he will not get the confidence of his sovereign. There is a way to being trusted by one's friends;-if one is not obedient to his parents, he will not be true to friends. There is a way to being obedient to one's parents;-if one, on turning his thoughts in upon himself, finds a want of sincerity, he will not be obedient to his parents. There is a way to the attainment of sincerity in one's self; -if a man do not understand what is good, he will not attain sincerity in himself. Sincerity is the way of Heaven. The attainment of sincerity is the way of men. He who possesses sincerity is he who, without an effort, hits what is right, and apprehends, without the exercise of thought;-he is the sage who naturally and easily embodies the right way. He who attains to sincerity is he who chooses what is good, and firmly holds it fast. To this attainment there are requisite the extensive study of what is good, accurate inquiry about it, careful reflection on it, the clear discrimination of it, and the earnest practice of it. The superior man, while there is anything he has not studied, or while in what he has studied there is anything he cannot understand, will not intermit his labor. While there is anything he has not inquired about, or anything in what he has inquired about which he does not know, he will not intermit his labor. While there is anything which he has not reflected on, or anything in what he has reflected on which he does not apprehend, he will not intermit his labor. While there is anything which he has not discriminated or his discrimination is not clear, he will not intermit his labor. If there be anything which he has not practiced, or his practice fails in earnestness, he will not intermit his labor. If another man succeed by one effort, he will use a hundred efforts. If another man succeed by ten efforts, he will use a thousand. Let a man proceed in this way, and, though dull, he will surely become intelligent; though weak, he will surely become strong."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
哀公問政。 哀公,魯君,名蔣。
子曰:「文武之政,布在方策。其人存,則其政舉;其人亡,則其政息。 方,版也。策,簡也。息,猶滅也。有是君,有是臣,則有是政矣。
人道敏政,地道敏樹。夫政也者,蒲盧也。 夫,音扶。敏,速也。蒲盧,沈括以為蒲葦是也。以人立政,猶以地種樹,其成速矣,而蒲葦又易生之物,其成尤速也。言人存政舉,其易如此。
故為政在人,取人以身,修身以道,修道以仁。 此承上文人道敏政而言也。為政在人,家語作「為政在於得人」,語意尤備。人,謂賢臣。身,指君身。道者,天下之達道。仁者,天地生物之心,而人得以生者,所謂元者善之長也。言人君為政在於得人,而取人之則又在修身。能修〔一〕其身,則有君有臣,而政無不舉矣。
仁者人也,親親為大;義者宜也,尊賢為大;親親之殺,尊賢之等,禮所生也。 殺,去聲。人,指人身而言。具此生理,自然便有惻怛慈愛之意,深體味之可見。宜者,分別事理,各有所宜也。禮,則節文斯二者而已。
在下位不獲乎上,民不可得而治矣! 鄭氏曰:「此句在下,誤重在此。」
故君子不可以不修身;思修身,不可以不事親;思事親,不可以不知人;思知人,不可以不知天。」 為政在人,取人以身,故不可以不修身。修身以道,修道以仁,故思修身不可以不事親。欲盡親親之仁,必由尊賢之義,故又當知人。親親之殺,尊賢之等,皆天理也,故又當知天。
天下之達道五,所以行之者三:曰君臣也,父子也,夫婦也,昆弟也,朋友之交也:五者天下之達道也。知、仁、勇三者,天下之達德也,所以行之者一也。 知,去聲。達道者,天下古今所共由之路,即《書》所謂五典,孟子所謂「父子有親、君臣有義、夫婦有別、長幼有序、朋友有信」是也。知,所以知此也;仁,所以體此也;勇,所以強此也;謂之達德者,天下古今所同得之理也。一則誠而已矣。達道雖人所共由,然無是三德,則無以行之;達德雖人所同得,然一有不誠,則人欲間之,而德非其德矣。程子曰:「所謂誠者,止是誠實此三者。三者之外,更別無誠。」
或生而知之,或學而知之,或困而知之,及其知之一也;或安而行之,或利而行之,或勉強而行之,及其成功一也。 強,上聲。知之者之所知,行之者之所行,謂達道也。以其分而言:則所以知者知也,所以行者仁也,所以至於知之成功而一者勇也。以其等而言:則生知安行者知也,學知利行者仁也,困知勉行者勇也。蓋人性雖無不善,而氣稟有不同者,故聞道有蚤莫,行道有難易,然能自強不息,則其至一也。呂氏曰:「所入之塗雖異,而所至之域則同,此所以為中庸。若乃企生知安行之資為不可幾及,輕困知勉行謂不能有成,此道之所以不明不行也。」
子曰:「好學近乎知,力行近乎仁,知恥近乎勇。 「子曰」二字衍文。好近乎知之知,並去聲。此言未及乎達德而求以入德之事。通上文三知為知,三行為仁,則此三近者,勇之次也。呂氏曰:「愚者自是而不求,自私者殉人欲而忘反,懦者甘為人下而不辭。故好學非知,然足以破愚;力行非仁,然足以忘私;知恥非勇,然足以起懦。」
知斯三者,則知所以修身;知所以修身,則知所以治人;知所以治人,則知所以治天下國家矣。」 斯三者,指三近而言。人者,對己之稱。天下國家,則盡乎人矣。言此以結上文修身之意,起下文九經之端也。
凡為天下國家有九經,曰:修身也,尊賢也,親親也,敬大臣也,體群臣也,子庶民也,來百工也,柔遠人也,懷諸侯也。 經,常也。體,謂設以身處其地而察其心也。子,如父母之愛其子也。柔遠人,所謂無忘賓旅者也。此列九經之目也。呂氏曰:「天下國家之本在身,故修身為九經之本。然必親師取友,然後修身之道進,故尊賢次之。道之所進,莫先其家,故親親次之。由家以及朝廷,故敬大臣、體群臣次之。由朝廷以及其國,故子庶民、來百工次之。由其國以及天下,故柔遠人、懷諸侯次之。此九經之序也。」視群臣猶吾四體,視百姓猶吾子,此視臣視民之別也。
修身則道立,尊賢則不惑,親親則諸父昆弟不怨,敬大臣則不眩,體群臣則士之報禮重,子庶民則百姓勸,來百工則財用足,柔遠人則四方歸之,懷諸侯則天下畏之。 此言九經之效也。道立,謂道成於己而可為民表,所謂皇建其有極是也。不惑,謂不疑於理。不眩,謂不迷於事。敬大臣則信任專,而小臣不得以間之,故臨事而不眩也。來百工則通功易事,農末相資,故財用足。柔遠人,則天下之旅皆悅而願出於其塗,故四方歸。懷諸侯,則德之所施者博,而威之所制者廣矣,故曰天下畏之。
齊明盛服,非禮不動,所以修身也;去讒遠色,賤貨而貴德,所以勸賢也;尊其位,重其祿,同其好惡,所以勸親親也;官盛任使,所以勸大臣也;忠信重祿,所以勸士也;時使薄斂,所以勸百姓也;日省月試,既稟稱事,所以勸百工也;送往迎來,嘉善而矜不能,所以柔遠人也;繼絕世,舉廢國,治亂持危,朝聘以時,厚往而薄來,所以懷諸侯也。 齊,側皆反。去,上聲。遠、好、惡、斂,並去聲。既,許氣反。稟,彼錦、力錦二反。稱,去聲。朝,音潮。○此言九經之事也。官盛任使,謂官屬衆盛,足任使令也,蓋大臣不當親細事,故所以優之者如此。忠信重祿,謂待之誠而養之厚,蓋以身體之,而知其所賴乎上者如此也。既,讀曰餼。餼稟,稍食也。稱事,如周禮稿人職,曰「考其弓弩,以上下其食」是也。往則為之授節以送之,來則豐其委積以迎之。朝,謂諸侯見於天子。聘,謂諸侯使大夫來獻。王制「比年一小聘,三年一大聘,五年一朝」。厚往薄來,謂燕賜厚而納貢薄。
凡為天下國家有九經,所以行之者一也。 一者,誠也。一有不誠,則是九者皆為虛文矣,此九經之實也。
凡事豫則立,不豫則廢。言前定則不跲,事前定則不困,行前定則不疚,道前定則不窮。 跲,其劫反。行,去聲。凡事,指達道達德九經之屬。豫,素定也。跲,躓也。疚,病也。此承上文,言凡事皆欲先立乎誠,如下文所推是也。
在下位不獲乎上,民不可得而治矣;獲乎上有道:不信乎朋友,不獲乎上矣;信乎朋友有道:不順乎親,不信乎朋友矣;順乎親有道:反諸身不誠,不順乎親矣;誠身有道:不明乎善,不誠乎身矣。 此又以在下位者,推言素定之意。反諸身不誠,謂反求諸身而所存所發,未能真實而無妄也。不明乎善,謂未能察於人心天命之本然,而真知至善之所在也。
誠者,天之道也;誠之者,人之道也。誠者不勉而中,不思而得,從容中道,聖人也。誠之者,擇善而固執之者也。 中,並去聲。從,七容反。此承上文誠身而言。誠者,真實無妄之謂,天理之本然也。誠之者,未能真實無妄,而欲其真實無妄之謂,人事之當然也。聖人之德,渾然天理,真實無妄,不待思勉而從容中道,則亦天之道也。未至於聖,則不能無人欲之私,而其為德不能皆實。故未能不思而得,則必擇善,然後可以明善;未能不勉而中,則必固執,然後可以誠身,此則所謂人之道也。不思而得,生知也。不勉而中,安行也。擇善,學知以下之事。固執,利行以下之事也。
博學之,審問之,慎思之,明辨之,篤行之。 此誠之之目也。學、問、思、辨,所以擇善而為知,學而知也。篤行,所以固執而為仁,利而行也。程子曰:「五者廢其一,非學也。」
有弗學,學之弗能弗措也;有弗問,問之弗知弗措也;有弗思,思之弗得弗措也;有弗辨,辨之弗明弗措也;有弗行,行之弗篤弗措也;人一能之己百之,人十能之己千之。 君子之學,不為則已,為則必要其成,故常百倍其功。此困而知,勉而行者也,勇之事也。
果能此道矣,雖愚必明,雖柔必強。 明者擇善之功,強者固執之效。呂氏曰:「君子所以學者,為能變化氣質而已。德勝氣質,則愚者可進於明,柔者可進於強。不能勝之,則雖有志於學,亦愚不能明,柔不能立而已矣。蓋均善而無惡者,性也,人所同也;昏明強弱之稟不齊者,才也,人所異也。誠之者所以反其同而變其異也。夫以不美之質,求變而美,非百倍其功,不足以致之。今以鹵莽滅裂之學,或作或輟,以變其不美之質,及不能變,則曰天質不美,非學所能變。是果於自棄,其為不仁甚矣!」
右第二十章。此引孔子之言,以繼大舜、文、武、周公之緒,明其所傳之一致,舉而措之,亦猶是耳。蓋包費隱、兼小大,以終十二章之意。章內語誠始詳,而所謂誠者,實此篇之樞紐也。又按:孔子家語,亦載此章,而其文尤詳。「成功一也」之下,有「公曰:子之言美矣!至矣!寡人實固,不足以成之也」。故其下復以「子曰」起答辭。今無此問辭,而猶有「子曰」二字;蓋子思刪其繁文以附於篇,而所刪有不盡者,今當為衍文也。「博學之」以下,家語無之,意彼有闕文,抑此或子思所補也歟?〔一〕「修」原作「仁」,據清仿宋大字本改。
自明,謂之;自明,謂之教。則明矣,明則矣。
When we have intelligence resulting from sincerity, this condition is to be ascribed to nature; when we have sincerity resulting from intelligence, this condition is to be ascribed to instruction. But given the sincerity, and there shall be the intelligence; given the intelligence, and there shall be the sincerity.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
自,由也。德無不實而明無不照者,聖人之德。所性而有者也,天道也。先明乎善,而後能實其善者,賢人之學。由教而入者也,人道也。誠則無不明矣,明則可以至於誠矣。
右第二十一章。子思承上章夫子天道、人道之意而立言也。::自此以下十二章,皆子思之言,以反覆推明此章之意。
唯天下至,為能盡其;能盡其,則能盡人之;能盡人之,則能盡物之;能盡物之,則可以贊地之化育;可以贊地之化育,則可以與地參矣。
It is only he who is possessed of the most complete sincerity that can exist under heaven, who can give its full development to his nature. Able to give its full development to his own nature, he can do the same to the nature of other men. Able to give its full development to the nature of other men, he can give their full development to the natures of animals and things. Able to give their full development to the natures of creatures and things, he can assist the transforming and nourishing powers of Heaven and Earth. Able to assist the transforming and nourishing powers of Heaven and Earth, he may with Heaven and Earth form a ternion.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
天下至誠,謂聖人之德之實,天下莫能加也。盡其性者德無不實,故無人欲之私,而天命之在我者,察之由之,鉅細精粗,無毫髮之不盡也。人物之性,亦我之性,但以所賦形氣不同而有異耳。能盡之者,謂知之無不明而處之無不當也。贊,猶助也。與天地參,謂與天地並立為三也。此自誠而明者之事也。
右第二十二章。言天道也。
其次致曲,曲能有,則形,形則著,著則明,明則動,動則變,變則化,唯天下至為能化。
Next to the above is he who cultivates to the utmost the shoots of goodness in him. From those he can attain to the possession of sincerity. This sincerity becomes apparent. From being apparent, it becomes manifest. From being manifest, it becomes brilliant. Brilliant, it affects others. Affecting others, they are changed by it. Changed by it, they are transformed. It is only he who is possessed of the most complete sincerity that can exist under heaven, who can transform.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
其次,通大賢以下凡誠有未至者而言也。致,推致也。曲,一偏也。形者,積中而發外。著,則又加顯矣。明,則又有光輝發越之盛也。動者,誠能動物。變者,物從而變。化,則有不知其所以然者。蓋人之性無不同,而氣則有異,故惟聖人能舉其性之全體而盡之。其次則必自其善端發見之偏,而悉推致之,以各造其極也。曲無不致,則德無不實,而形、著、動、變之功自不能已。積而至於能化,則其至誠之妙,亦不異於聖人矣。
右第二十三章。言人道也。
至之道,可以前知。國家將興,必有禎祥;國家將亡,必有妖孽;見乎蓍龜,動乎四體。禍福將至:善,必先知之;不善,必先知之。故至如神。
It is characteristic of the most entire sincerity to be able to foreknow. When a nation or family is about to flourish, there are sure to be happy omens; and when it is about to perish, there are sure to be unlucky omens. Such events are seen in the milfoil and tortoise, and affect the movements of the four limbs. When calamity or happiness is about to come, the good shall certainly be foreknown by him, and the evil also. Therefore the individual possessed of the most complete sincerity is like a spirit.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
見,音現。禎祥者,福之兆。妖孽者,禍之萌。蓍,所以筮。龜,所以卜。四體,謂動作威儀之閒,如執玉高卑,其容俯仰之類。凡此皆理之先見者也。然惟誠之至極,而無一毫私偽留於心目之間者,乃能有以察其幾焉。神,謂鬼神。
右第二十四章。言天道也。
者自成也,而道自道也。者物之終始,不無物。是故之為貴。者非自成己而已也,所以成物也。成己,也;成物,也。之德也,合外內之道也,故時措之宜也。
Sincerity is that whereby self-completion is effected, and its way is that by which man must direct himself. Sincerity is the end and beginning of things; without sincerity there would be nothing. On this account, the superior man regards the attainment of sincerity as the most excellent thing. The possessor of sincerity does not merely accomplish the self-completion of himself. With this quality he completes other men and things also. The completing himself shows his perfect virtue. The completing other men and things shows his knowledge. But these are virtues belonging to the nature, and this is the way by which a union is effected of the external and internal. Therefore, whenever he-the entirely sincere man-employs them,-that is, these virtues, their action will be right.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
誠者自成也,而道自道也。 道也之道,音導。言誠者物之所以自成,而道者人之所當自行也。誠以心言,本也;道以理言,用也。
誠者物之終始,不誠無物。是故君子誠之為貴。 天下之物,皆實理之所為,故必得是理,然後有是物。所得之理既盡,則是物亦盡而無有矣。故人之心一有不實,則雖有所為亦如無有,而君子必以誠為貴也。蓋人之心能無不實,乃為有以自成,而道之在我者亦無不行矣。
誠者非自成己而已也,所以成物也。成己,仁也;成物,知也。性之德也,合外內之道也,故時措之宜也。 知,去聲。誠雖所以成己,然既有以自成,則自然及物,而道亦行於彼矣。仁者體之存,知者用之發,是皆吾性之固有,而無內外之殊。既得於己,則見於事者,以時措之,而皆得其宜也。
右第二十五章。言人道也。
故至無息。不息則久,久則徵,徵則悠遠,悠遠則博厚,博厚則高明。博厚,所以載物也;高明,所以覆物也;悠久,所以成物也。博厚配地,高明配,悠久無疆。如此者,不見而章,不動而變,無為而成。地之道,可一言而盡也:其為物不貳,則其生物不測。地之道:博也,厚也,高也,明也,悠也,久也。今夫,斯昭昭之多,及其無窮也,日月星辰繫焉,萬物覆焉。今夫地,一撮土之多,及其廣厚,載華嶽而不重,振河海而不洩,萬物載焉。今夫山,一卷石之多,及其廣大,草木生之,禽獸居之,寶藏興焉。今夫水,一勺之多,及其不測,黿鼉、蛟龍、魚鱉生焉,貨財殖焉。《詩》云:「維之命,於穆不已!」蓋曰之所以為也。「於乎不顯!文王之德之純!」蓋曰文王之所以為文也,純亦不已。
Hence to entire sincerity there belongs ceaselessness. Not ceasing, it continues long. Continuing long, it evidences itself. Evidencing itself, it reaches far. Reaching far, it becomes large and substantial. Large and substantial, it becomes high and brilliant. Large and substantial;-this is how it contains all things. High and brilliant;-this is how it overspreads all things. Reaching far and continuing long;-this is how it perfects all things. So large and substantial, the individual possessing it is the co-equal of Earth. So high and brilliant, it makes him the co-equal of Heaven. So far-reaching and long-continuing, it makes him infinite. Such being its nature, without any display, it becomes manifested; without any movement, it produces changes; and without any effort, it accomplishes its ends.
The way of Heaven and Earth may be completely declared in one sentence. They are without any doubleness, and so they produce things in a manner that is unfathomable. The way of Heaven and Earth is large and substantial, high and brilliant, far-reaching and long-enduring. The Heaven now before us is only this bright shining spot; but when viewed in its inexhaustible extent, the sun, moon, stars, and constellations of the zodiac, are suspended in it, and all things are overspread by it. The earth before us is but a handful of soil; but when regarded in its breadth and thickness, it sustains mountains like the Hwa and the Yo, without feeling their weight, and contains the rivers and seas, without their leaking away. The mountain now before us appears only a stone; but when contemplated in all the vastness of its size, we see how the grass and trees are produced on it, and birds and beasts dwell on it, and precious things which men treasure up are found on it. The water now before us appears but a ladleful; yet extending our view to its unfathomable depths, the largest tortoises, iguanas, iguanodons, dragons, fishes, and turtles, are produced in it, articles of value and sources of wealth abound in it. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "The ordinances of Heaven, how profound are they and unceasing!" The meaning is, that it is thus that Heaven is Heaven. And again, "How illustrious was it, the singleness of the virtue of King Wen!" indicating that it was thus that King Wen was what he was. Singleness likewise is unceasing.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
故至誠無息。 既無虛假,自無間斷。
不息則久,久則徵, 久,常於中也。徵,驗於外也。
徵則悠遠,悠遠則博厚,博厚則高明。 此皆以其驗於外者言之。鄭氏所謂「至誠之德,著於四方」者是也。存諸中者既久,則驗於外者益悠遠而無窮矣。悠遠,故其積也廣博而深厚;博厚,故其發也高大而光明。
博厚,所以載物也;高明,所以覆物也;悠久,所以成物也。 悠久,即悠遠,兼內外而言之也。本以悠遠致高厚,而高厚又悠久也。此言聖人與天地同用。
博厚配地,高明配天,悠久無疆。 此言聖人與天地同體。
如此者,不見而章,不動而變,無為而成。 見,音現。見,猶示也。不見而章,以配地而言也。不動而變,以配天而言也。無為而成,以無疆而言也。
天地之道,可一言而盡也:其為物不貳,則其生物不測。 此以下,復以天地明至誠無息之功用。天地之道,可一言而盡,不過曰誠而已。不貳,所以誠也。誠故不息,而生物之多,有莫知其所以然者。
天地之道:博也,厚也,高也,明也,悠也,久也。 言天地之道,誠一不貳,故能各極所盛,而有下文生物之功。
今夫天,斯昭昭之多,及其無窮也,日月星辰繫焉,萬物覆焉。今夫地,一撮土之多,及其廣厚,載華嶽而不重,振河海而不洩,萬物載焉。今夫山,一卷石之多,及其廣大,草木生之,禽獸居之,寶藏興焉。今夫水,一勺之多,及其不測,黿鼉、蛟龍、魚鱉生焉,貨財殖焉。 夫,音扶。華、藏,並去聲。卷,平聲。勺,市若反。昭昭,猶耿耿,小明也。此指其一處而言之。及其無窮,猶十二章及其至也之意,蓋舉全體而言也。振,收也。卷,區也。此四條,皆以發明由其不貳不息以致盛大而能生物之意。然天、地、山、川,實非由積累而後大,讀者不以辭害意可也
《詩》云:「維天之命,於穆不已!」蓋曰天之所以為天也。「於乎不顯!文王之德之純!」蓋曰文王之所以為文也,純亦不已。 於,音烏。乎,音呼。《詩·周頌·維天之命》篇。於,歎辭。穆,深遠也。不顯,猶言豈不顯也。純,純一不雜也。引此以明至誠無息之意。程子曰:「天道不已,文王純於天道,亦不已。純則無二無雜,不已則無間斷先後。」
右第二十六章。言天道也。
大哉聖人之道!洋洋乎!發育萬物,峻極於。優優大哉!儀三百,威儀三千。待其人而後行。故曰苟不至德,至道不凝焉。故尊德而道問學,致廣大而盡精微,極高明而道中庸。溫故而知新,敦厚以崇。是故居上不驕,為下不倍,國有道其言足以興,國無道其默足以容。《詩》曰「既明且哲,以保其身」,其此之謂與!
How great is the path proper to the Sage! Like overflowing water, it sends forth and nourishes all things, and rises up to the height of heaven. All-complete is its greatness! It embraces the three hundred rules of ceremony, and the three thousand rules of demeanor. It waits for the proper man, and then it is trodden. Hence it is said, "Only by perfect virtue can the perfect path, in all its courses, be made a fact." Therefore, the superior man honors his virtuous nature, and maintains constant inquiry and study, seeking to carry it out to its breadth and greatness, so as to omit none of the more exquisite and minute points which it embraces, and to raise it to its greatest height and brilliancy, so as to pursue the course of the Mean. He cherishes his old knowledge, and is continually acquiring new. He exerts an honest, generous earnestness, in the esteem and practice of all propriety. Thus, when occupying a high situation he is not proud, and in a low situation he is not insubordinate. When the kingdom is well governed, he is sure by his words to rise; and when it is ill governed, he is sure by his silence to command forbearance to himself. Is not this what we find in the Book of Poetry,-"Intelligent is he and prudent, and so preserves his person?"
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
大哉聖人之道! 包下文兩節而言。
洋洋乎!發育萬物,峻極於天。 峻,高大也。此言道之極於至大而無外也。
優優大哉!禮儀三百,威儀三千。 優優,充足有餘之意。禮儀,經禮也。威儀,曲禮也。此言道之入於至小而無閒也。
待其人而後行。 總結上兩節。
故曰苟不至德,至道不凝焉。 至德,謂其人。至道,指上兩節而言也。凝,聚也,成也。
故君子尊德性而道問學,致廣大而盡精微,極高明而道中庸。溫故而知新,敦厚以崇禮。 尊者,恭敬奉持之意。德性者,吾所受於天之正理。道,由也。溫,猶燖溫之溫,謂故學之矣,復時習之也。敦,加厚也。尊德性,所以存心而極乎道體之大也。道問學,所以致知而盡乎道體之細也。二者修德凝道之大端也。不以一毫私意自蔽,不以一毫私慾自累,涵泳乎其所已知。敦篤乎其所已能,此皆存心之屬也。析理則不使有毫釐之差,處事則不使有過不及之謬,理義則日知其所未知,節文則日謹其所未謹,此皆致知之屬也。蓋非存心無以致知,而存心者又不可以不致知。故此五句,大小相資,首尾相應,聖賢所示入德之方,莫詳於此,學者宜盡心焉。
是故居上不驕,為下不倍,國有道其言足以興,國無道其默足以容。《詩》曰「既明且哲,以保其身」,其此之謂與! 倍,與背同。與,平聲。興,謂興起在位也。《詩·大雅·烝民》之篇。
右第二十七章。言人道也。
子曰:「愚而好自用,賤而好自專,生乎今之世,反古之道。如此者,菑及其身者也。」非天子,不議,不制度,不考文。今天下車同軌,書同文,行同倫。雖有其位,苟無其德,不敢作樂焉;雖有其德,苟無其位,亦不敢作樂焉。子曰:「吾說夏,杞不足徵也;吾學殷,有宋存焉;吾學周,今用之,吾從周。」
The Master said, Let a man who is ignorant be fond of using his own judgment; let a man without rank be fond of assuming a directing power to himself; let a man who is living in the present age go back to the ways of antiquity;-on the persons of all who act thus calamities will be sure to come. To no one but the Son of Heaven does it belong to order ceremonies, to fix the measures, and to determine the written characters. Now over the kingdom, carriages have all wheels, of the-same size; all writing is with the same characters; and for conduct there are the same rules. One may occupy the throne, but if he have not the proper virtue, he may not dare to make ceremonies or music. One may have the virtue, but if he do not occupy the throne, he may not presume to make ceremonies or music.
The Master said, "I may describe the ceremonies of the Xia dynasty, but Qi cannot sufficiently attest my words. I have learned the ceremonies of the Yin dynasty, and in Song they still continue. I have learned the ceremonies of Zhou, which are now used, and I follow Zhou."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
子曰:「愚而好自用,賤而好自專,生乎今之世,反古之道。如此者,菑及其身者也。」 好,去聲。菑,古災字。以上孔子之言,子思引之。反,復也。
非天子,不議禮,不制度,不考文。 此以下,子思之言。禮,親疏貴賤相接之體也。度,品制。文,書名。
今天下車同軌,書同文,行同倫。 行,去聲。今,子思自謂當時也。軌,轍跡之度。倫,次序之體。三者皆同,言天下一統也。
雖有其位,苟無其德,不敢作禮樂焉;雖有其德,苟無其位,亦不敢作禮樂焉。 鄭氏曰:「言作禮樂者,必聖人在天子之位。」
子曰:「吾說夏禮,杞不足徵也;吾學殷禮,有宋存焉;吾學周禮,今用之,吾從周。」 此又引孔子之言。杞,夏之後。徵,證也。宋,殷之後。三代之禮,孔子皆嘗學之而能言其意;但夏禮既不可考證,殷禮雖存,又非當世之法,惟周禮乃時王之制,今日所用。孔子既不得位,則從周而已。
右第二十八章。承上章為下不倍而言,亦人道也。
王天下有三重焉,其寡過矣乎!上焉者雖善無徵,無徵不,不民弗從;下焉者雖善不尊,不尊不,不民弗從。故之道:本諸身,徵諸庶民,考諸三王而不繆,建諸地而不悖,質諸鬼神而無疑,百世以俟聖人而不惑。質諸鬼神而無疑,知也;百世以俟聖人而不惑,知人也。是故動而世為天下道,行而世為天下法,言而世為天下則。遠之則有望,近之則不厭。《詩》曰:「在彼無惡,在此無射;庶幾夙夜,以永終譽!」未有不如此而蚤有譽於天下者也。
He who attains to the sovereignty of the kingdom, having those three important things, shall be able to effect that there shall be few errors under his government. However excellent may have been the regulations of those of former times, they cannot be attested. Not being attested, they cannot command credence, and not being credited, the people would not follow them. However excellent might be the regulations made by one in an inferior situation, he is not in a position to be honored. Unhonored, he cannot command credence, and not being credited, the people would not follow his rules. Therefore the institutions of the Ruler are rooted in his own character and conduct, and sufficient attestation of them is given by the masses of the people. He examines them by comparison with those of the three kings, and finds them without mistake. He sets them up before Heaven and Earth, and finds nothing in them contrary to their mode of operation. He presents himself with them before spiritual beings, and no doubts about them arise. He is prepared to wait for the rise of a sage a hundred ages after, and has no misgivings. His presenting himself with his institutions before spiritual beings, without any doubts arising about them, shows that he knows Heaven. His being prepared, without any misgivings, to wait for the rise of a sage a hundred ages after, shows that he knows men. Such being the case, the movements of such a ruler, illustrating his institutions, constitute an example to the world for ages. His acts are for ages a law to the kingdom. His words are for ages a lesson to the kingdom. Those who are far from him look longingly for him; and those who are near him are never wearied with him. It is said in the Book of Poetry,-"Not disliked there, not tired of here, from day to day and night tonight, will they perpetuate their praise." Never has there been a ruler, who did not realize this description, that obtained an early renown throughout the kingdom.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
王天下有三重焉,其寡過矣乎! 王,去聲。呂氏曰:「三重,謂議禮、制度、考文。惟天子得以行之,則國不異政,家不殊俗,而人得寡過矣。」
上焉者雖善無徵,無徵不信,不信民弗從;下焉者雖善不尊,不尊不信,不信民弗從。 上焉者,謂時王以前,如夏、商之禮雖善,而皆不可考。下焉者,謂聖人在下,如孔子雖善於禮,而不在尊位也。
故君子之道:本諸身,徵諸庶民,考諸三王而不繆,建諸天地而不悖,質諸鬼神而無疑,百世以俟聖人而不惑。 此君子,指王天下者而言。其道,即議禮、制度、考文之事也。本諸身,有其德也。徵諸庶民,驗其所信從也。建,立也,立於此而參於彼也。天地者,道也。鬼神者,造化之跡也。百世以俟聖人而不惑,所謂聖人復起,不易吾言者也。
質諸鬼神而無疑,知天也;百世以俟聖人而不惑,知人也。 知天知人,知其理也。
是故君子動而世為天下道,行而世為天下法,言而世為天下則。遠之則有望,近之則不厭。 動,兼言行而言。道,兼法則而言。法,法度也。則,準則也。
《詩》曰:「在彼無惡,在此無射;庶幾夙夜,以永終譽!」君子未有不如此而蚤有譽於天下者也。 惡,去聲。射,音妒,《詩》作斁。《詩·周頌·振鷺》之篇。射,厭也。所謂此者,指本諸身以下六事而言。
右第二十九章。承上章居上不驕而言,亦人道也。
仲尼祖述堯舜,憲章文武;上律時,下襲水土。辟如地之無不持載,無不覆幬,辟如四時之錯行,如日月之代明。萬物並育而不相害,道並行而不相悖,小德川流,大德敦化,此地之所以為大也。
Zhong-ni handed down the doctrines of Yao and Shun, as if they had been his ancestors, and elegantly displayed the regulations of Wen and Wu taking them as his model. Above, he harmonized with the times of Heaven, and below, he was conformed to the water and land. He may be compared to Heaven and Earth in their supporting and containing, their overshadowing and curtaining, all things. He may be compared to the four seasons in their alternating progress, and to the sun and moon in their successive shining. All things are nourished together without their injuring one another. The courses of the seasons, and of the sun and moon, are pursued without any collision among them. The smaller energies are like river currents; the greater energies are seen in mighty transformations. It is this which makes heaven and earth so great.
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
仲尼祖述堯舜,憲章文武;上律天時,下襲水土。 祖述者,遠宗其道。憲章者,近守其法。律天時者,法其自然之運。襲水土者,因其一定之理。皆兼內外該本末而言也。
辟如天地之無不持載,無不覆幬,辟如四時之錯行,如日月之代明。 辟,音譬。幬,徒報反。錯,猶迭也。此言聖人之德。
萬物並育而不相害,道並行而不相悖,小德川流,大德敦化,此天地之所以為大也。 悖,猶背也。天覆地載,萬物並育於其間而不相害;四時日月,錯行代明而不相悖。所以不害不悖者,小德之川流;所以並育並行者,大德之敦化。小德者,全體之分;大德者,萬殊之本。川流者,如川之流,脈絡分明而往不息也。敦化者,敦厚其化,根本盛大而出無窮也。此言天地之道,以見上文取辟之意也。
右第三十章。言天道也。
唯天下至聖,為能聰明睿,足以有臨也;寬裕溫柔,足以有容也;發強剛毅,足以有執也;齊莊中正,足以有敬也;文理密察,足以有別也。溥博淵泉,而時出之。溥博如,淵泉如淵。見而民莫不敬,言而民莫不,行而民莫不說。是以聲名洋溢乎中國,施及蠻貊;舟車所至,人力所通;之所覆,地之所載,日月所照,霜露所隊;凡有血者,莫不尊親,故曰配。
It is only he, possessed of all sagely qualities that can exist under heaven, who shows himself quick in apprehension, clear in discernment, of far-reaching intelligence, and all-embracing knowledge, fitted to exercise rule; magnanimous, generous, benign, and mild, fitted to exercise forbearance; impulsive, energetic, firm, and enduring, fitted to maintain a firm hold; self-adjusted, grave, never swerving from the Mean, and correct, fitted to command reverence; accomplished, distinctive, concentrative, and searching, fitted to exercise discrimination. All-embracing is he and vast, deep and active as a fountain, sending forth in their due season his virtues. All-embracing and vast, he is like Heaven. Deep and active as a fountain, he is like the abyss. He is seen, and the people all reverence him; he speaks, and the people all believe him; he acts, and the people all are pleased with him. Therefore his fame overspreads the Middle Kingdom, and extends to all barbarous tribes. Wherever ships and carriages reach; wherever the strength of man penetrates; wherever the heavens overshadow and the earth sustains; wherever the sun and moon shine; wherever frosts and dews fall:-all who have blood and breath unfeignedly honor and love him. Hence it is said, "He is the equal of Heaven."
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
唯天下至聖,為能聰明睿知,足以有臨也;寬裕溫柔,足以有容也;發強剛毅,足以有執也;齊莊中正,足以有敬也;文理密察,足以有別也。 知,去聲。齊,側皆反。別,彼列反。聰明睿知,生知之質。臨,謂居上而臨下也。其下四者,乃仁義禮知之德。文,文章也。理,條理也。密,詳細也。察,明辯也。
溥博淵泉,而時出之。 溥博,周遍而廣闊也。淵泉,靜深而有本也。出,發見也。言五者之德,充積於中,而以時發見於外也。
溥博如天,淵泉如淵。見而民莫不敬,言而民莫不信,行而民莫不說。 見,音現。說,音悅。言其充積極其盛,而發見當其可也。
是以聲名洋溢乎中國,施及蠻貊;舟車所至,人力所通;天之所覆,地之所載,日月所照,霜露所隊;凡有血氣者,莫不尊親,故曰配天。 施,去聲。隊,音墜。舟車所至以下,蓋極言之。配天,言其德之所及,廣大如天也。
右第三十一章。承上章而言小德之川流,亦天道也。
唯天下至,為能經綸天下之大經,立天下之大本,知地之化育。夫焉有所倚?肫肫其!淵淵其淵!浩浩其!苟不固聰明聖知達德者,其孰能知之?
It is only the individual possessed of the most entire sincerity that can exist under Heaven, who can adjust the great invariable relations of mankind, establish the great fundamental virtues of humanity, and know the transforming and nurturing operations of Heaven and Earth;-shall this individual have any being or anything beyond himself on which he depends? Call him man in his ideal, how earnest is he! Call him an abyss, how deep is he! Call him Heaven, how vast is he! Who can know him, but he who is indeed quick in apprehension, clear in discernment, of far-reaching intelligence, and all-embracing knowledge, possessing all Heavenly virtue?
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
唯天下至誠,為能經綸天下之大經,立天下之大本,知天地之化育。夫焉有所倚? 夫,音扶。焉,於虔反。經,綸,皆治絲之事。經者,理其緒而分之;綸者,比其類而合之也。經,常也。大經者,五品之人倫。大本者,所性之全體也。惟聖人之德極誠無妄,故於人倫各盡其當然之實,而皆可以為天下後世法,所謂經綸之也。其於所性之全體,無一毫人欲之偽以雜之,而天下之道千變萬化皆由此出,所謂立之也。其於天地之化育,則亦其極誠無妄者有默契焉,非但聞見之知而已。此皆至誠無妄,自然之功用,夫豈有所倚著於物而後能哉。
肫肫其仁!淵淵其淵!浩浩其天! 肫,之純反。○肫肫,懇至貌,以經綸而言也。淵淵,靜深貌,以立本而言也。浩浩,廣大貌,以知化而言也。其淵其天,則非特如之而已。
苟不固聰明聖知達天德者,其孰能知之? 聖知之知,去聲。固,猶實也。鄭氏曰:「惟聖人能知聖人也。」
右第三十二章。承上章而言大德之敦化,亦天道也。前章言至聖之德,此章言至誠之道。然至誠之道,非至聖不能知;至聖之德,非至誠不能為,則亦非二物矣。此篇言聖人天道之極致,至此而無以加矣。
《詩》曰「衣錦尚絅」,惡其文之著也。故之道,闇然而日章;小人之道,的然而日亡。之道:淡而不厭,簡而文,溫而理,知遠之近,知風之自,知微之顯,可與入德矣。《詩》云:「潛雖伏矣,亦孔之昭!」故內省不疚,無惡於志。之所不可及者,其唯人之所不見乎。《詩》云:「相在爾室,尚不愧於屋漏。」故不動而敬,不言而。《詩》曰:「奏假無言,時靡有爭。」是故不賞而民勸,不怒而民威於鈇鉞。《詩》曰:「不顯惟德!百辟其刑之。」是故篤恭而天下平。《詩》云:「予懷明德,不大聲以色。」子曰:「聲色之於以化民,末也。」《詩》曰:「德輶如毛」,毛猶有倫。「上之載,無聲無臭」,至矣!
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Over her embroidered robe she puts a plain single garment," intimating a dislike to the display of the elegance of the former. Just so, it is the way of the superior man to prefer the concealment of his virtue, while it daily becomes more illustrious, and it is the way of the mean man to seek notoriety, while he daily goes more and more to ruin. It is characteristic of the superior man, appearing insipid, yet never to produce satiety; while showing a simple negligence, yet to have his accomplishments recognized; while seemingly plain, yet to be discriminating. He knows how what is distant lies in what is near. He knows where the wind proceeds from. He knows how what is minute becomes manifested. Such a one, we may be sure, will enter into virtue.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Although the fish sink and lie at the bottom, it is still quite clearly seen." Therefore the superior man examines his heart, that there may be nothing wrong there, and that he may have no cause for dissatisfaction with himself. That wherein the superior man cannot be equaled is simply this,-his work which other men cannot see.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Looked at in your apartment, be there free from shame as being exposed to the light of Heaven." Therefore, the superior man, even when he is not moving, has a feeling of reverence, and while he speaks not, he has the feeling of truthfulness.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "In silence is the offering presented, and the spirit approached to; there is not the slightest contention." Therefore the superior man does not use rewards, and the people are stimulated to virtue. He does not show anger, and the people are awed more than by hatchets and battle-axes.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "What needs no display is virtue. All the princes imitate it." Therefore, the superior man being sincere and reverential, the whole world is conducted to a state of happy tranquility.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "I regard with pleasure your brilliant virtue, making no great display of itself in sounds and appearances." The Master said, "Among the appliances to transform the people, sound and appearances are but trivial influences. It is said in another ode, 'His Virtue is light as a hair.' Still, a hair will admit of comparison as to its size. 'The doings of the supreme Heaven have neither sound nor smell. 'That is perfect virtue."
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctrine of the Mean, The}}
注 Zhu Xi 中庸章句
《詩》曰「衣錦尚絅」,惡其文之著也。故君子之道,闇然而日章;小人之道,的然而日亡。君子之道:淡而不厭,簡而文,溫而理,知遠之近,知風之自,知微之顯,可與入德矣。 衣,去聲。絅,口迥反。惡,去聲。闇,於感反。前章言聖人之德,極其盛矣。此復自下學立心之始言之,而下文又推之以至其極也。《詩·國風》〈衛·碩人〉、〈鄭〉之〈丰〉,皆作「衣錦褧衣」。褧、絅同。襌衣也。尚,加也。古之學者為己,故其立心如此。尚絅故闇然,衣錦故有日章之實。淡、簡、溫,絅之襲於外也;不厭而文且理焉,錦之美在中也。小人反是,則暴於外而無實以繼之,是以的然而日亡也。遠之近,見於彼者由於此也。風之自,著乎外者本乎內也。微之顯,有諸內者形諸外也。有為己之心,而又知此三者,則知所謹而可入德矣。故下文引《詩》言謹獨之事。
《詩》云:「潛雖伏矣,亦孔之昭!」故君子內省不疚,無惡於志。君子之所不可及者,其唯人之所不見乎。 惡,去聲。《詩·小雅·正月》之篇。承上文言「莫見乎隱、莫顯乎微」也。疚,病也。無惡於志,猶言無愧於心,此君子謹獨之事也。
《詩》云:「相在爾室,尚不愧於屋漏。」故君子不動而敬,不言而信。 相,去聲。《詩·大雅·抑》之篇。相,視也。屋漏,室西北隅也。承上文又言君子之戒謹恐懼,無時不然,不待言動而後敬信,則其為己之功益加密矣。故下文引《詩》并言其效。
《詩》曰:「奏假無言,時靡有爭。」是故君子不賞而民勸,不怒而民威於鈇鉞。 假,格同。鈇,音夫。《詩·商頌·烈祖》之篇。奏,進也。承上文而遂及其效,言進而感格於神明之際,極其誠敬,無有言說而人自化之也。威,畏也。鈇,莝斫刀也。鉞,斧也。
《詩》曰:「不顯惟德!百辟其刑之。」是故君子篤恭而天下平。 《詩·周頌·烈文》之篇。不顯,說見二十六章,此借引以為幽深玄遠之意。承上文言天子有不顯之德,而諸侯法之,則其德愈深而效愈遠矣。篤,厚也。篤恭,言不顯其敬也。篤恭而天下平,乃聖人至德淵微,自然之應,中庸之極功也
《詩》云:「予懷明德,不大聲以色。」子曰:「聲色之於以化民,末也。」《詩》曰:「德輶如毛」,毛猶有倫。「上天之載,無聲無臭」,至矣! 輶,由、酉二音。《詩·大雅·皇矣》之篇。引之以明上文所謂不顯之德者,正以其不大聲與色也。又引孔子之言,以為聲色乃化民之末務,今但言不大之而已,則猶有聲色者存,是未足以形容不顯之妙。不若烝民之《詩》所言「德輶如毛」,則庶乎可以形容矣,而又自以為謂之毛,則猶有可比者,是亦未盡其妙。不若文王之《詩》所言「上天之事,無聲無臭」,然後乃為不顯之至耳。蓋聲臭有氣無形,在物最為微妙,而猶曰無之,故惟此可以形容不顯篤恭之妙。非此德之外,又別有是三等,然後為至也。
右第三十三章。子思因前章極致之言,反求其本,復自下學為己謹獨之事,推而言之,以馴致乎篤恭而天下平之盛。又贊其妙,至於無聲無臭而後已焉。蓋舉一篇之要而約言之,其反覆丁寧示人之意,至深切矣,學者其可不盡心乎!